1 of 69 DOCUMENTS 

Copyright 2002 Time Inc.  

Time Magazine 

December 16, 2002 

SECTION: NOTEBOOK; Pg. 21 

LENGTH: 579 words 

HEADLINE: Milestones 

BYLINE: Melissa August, Harriet Barovick, Elizabeth L. Bland, Sora Song and Rebecca Winters 

BODY: 
DIED. ROONE ARLEDGE, 71, pioneering ABC executive whose technical innovations, show-biz flair and fierce competitive drive changed the face of TV news and sports; of complications from cancer; in New York City. Joining ABC Sports as a producer in 1960 and rising to head of the division, he introduced instant replay and slow motion, infused ABC's Olympics coverage with human drama and journalistic rigor, and made Howard Cosell and Monday Night Football national obsessions. Traditionalists were alarmed when the sports guy was named president of ABC News in 1977. But he made the No. 3 news network a competitive force for the first time, paying Hollywood salaries to newscasters like Diane Sawyer and Barbara Walters, expanding news into prime time with shows like 20/20 and badgering the network to air a late-night newscast during the Iran hostage crisis, which turned into Nightline, one of TV's most revered news shows.  
DIED. THERESA MILLER, 44, teacher at Columbine High School who ran through the halls warning students and staff while Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold were conducting a massacre that killed 12 students and a teacher; of colon cancer; in Littleton, Colo.  On hall duty at the time, she escorted students to hiding areas, put out a pipe-bomb fire and stayed by the side of basketball coach Dave Sanders as he died on the floor of a classroom.
DIED. IVAN ILLICH, 76, social critic and onetime Catholic priest whose iconoclastic views made him a hero to baby boomers in the 1970s; in Bremen, Germany. In essays and books like 1971's Deschooling Society, he criticized the Catholic Church, said public education shouldn't be mandatory and accused hospitals of making people sicker. He left the priesthood after the Vatican called him "politically immoral."
DIED. PHILIP BERRIGAN, 79, former priest whose fight against the Vietnam War and nuclear arms helped inspire a generation of antiwar dissenters; of cancer; in Baltimore, Md. Berrigan led the Catonsville Nine, which staged one of the era's most dramatic protests, dousing a bonfire of draft records with homemade napalm in a Catonsville, Md., parking lot.
DIED. ACHILLE CASTIGLIONI, 84, whimsical patriarch of modern Italian design whose playful, highly stylized lamps, vacuum cleaners, ashtrays and other domestic objects helped establish Italy's postwar reputation as a design innovator; in Milan.  Castiglioni created some 200 items, including the Arco lamp (shown), an arching alternative to a ceiling light, and the Mezzadro, a tractor seat stool.
DIED. U NE WIN, 91, reclusive former dictator of Burma, now Myanmar; in Yangon, Myanmar. A leader in Burma's fight for independence, he took power in 1962. His repressive rule helped lead the country into poverty and the status of least-developed nation by 1987. When he died, Ne Win, who once demanded that Burmese currency be issued in notes divisible by his lucky number, 9, was under house arrest for allegedly plotting to overthrow the current regime.
DIED. HENRY CHAUNCEY, 97, founder of the Educational Testing Service who engineered the rise of standardized testing in college admissions; in Shelburne, Vt. As assistant dean at Harvard in the 1930s, he objected to the elitist system that admitted only prep-school students. With Harvard president James Bryant Conant, he promoted the meritocratic but previously little-used SAT, now taken by 2 million students a year.

GRAPHIC: COLOR PHOTO: ENRICO FERORELLI/ABC--AP, B/W PHOTO: BERNARD DIEDERICH, B/W PHOTO, COLOR PHOTO: MUCHTAR ZAKARIA--AP 

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Copyright 2002 Nationwide News Pty Limited 

The Australian 

December 10, 2002, Tuesday 

SECTION: FEATURES-TYPE- OBITUARYFEATURE-COLUMN- OBITUARIESOBITUARY-BIOG- IVAN ILLICH; Pg. 13 

LENGTH: 908 words 

HEADLINE: Thinker targeted elites 

SOURCE: The Times 

BODY: 
 Obituary
Ivan Illich
Radical sociologist. Born Vienna, Austria, September 24, 1926. Died Bremen, Germany, December 2, aged 76.
IVAN Illich was one of the most radical thinkers of the late 20th century. In the 1970s, he influenced young people with his radical arguments on health, education, transport and energy.  
 Deschooling Society (1971) argued that school rendered people unlearned, and Medical Nemesis: The Appropriation of Health (1975) argued that doctors and nurses were endangering patients.
 In one sense, Illich was a sociologist and political scientist; he held a part-time post at Fordham University, New York, from 1968. But he was acutely wary of enrolment in any political movement, and he abandoned the term philosopher on his passport after an Arab threw himself at his feet, transfixed by the description.
 Finally he opted for the term historian. Yet the only past era that won his prolonged attention was medieval Europe, largely through its literature, which he believed was the key to wisdom.
 Illich dreamed of a society of freedom, equality and fraternity, but he was not a realistic planner towards these goals, and he gradually retreated into thought rather than action.
 Illich's father was a Roman Catholic Croatian landowner, his mother a Sephardic Jew. His grandfather raised him in Vienna. Later he gained fluency in 14 languages. Nazism forced his family to leave Austria and he ended his schooling in Florence.
 He went to Rome in 1943 and began to study as a priest at the Gregorian University. Illich also obtained a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg.
 In 1951 he was assigned to pastoral work in New York with Puerto Ricans, to whom he became passionately committed. In 1956 he moved to Puerto Rico's Catholic University, where he acquired hostility to a Yankee model of religion applied to Hispanic society. That led to a running feud with the Catholic hierarchy, especially when he attacked a bishop who issued an interdict against voting for a pro birth-control candidate in an election for governor.
 In 1959, aged 33, he was made a monsignor, one of the youngest in the world at the time.
 He set off on a 5000km trip by horse and foot across South America from Santiago to Caracas, seeking out a new arena for work. In Colombia, he managed to stop the distribution of milk powder by missionaries, who were aiming, as he saw it, to win extra leverage by giving the powder to Christians only. This hasty action led, he later admitted, to the death of a dozen children, and it was to haunt him in the following years.
 In 1961 he set up the Intercultural Centre for Documentation in Mexico City, which sought to accumulate information that could be used by people and leaders alike, and which offered courses in what later came to be called de-Yankification for would-be missionaries. Later it evolved as an outlet for radical thinking on Latin American issues and Western socio-cultural problems. Its classes centred on dynamic group therapy to excise culturally imperialist assumptions.
 Time magazine noted his style with students: "He yells at them and lectures them, plays and prays with them, insults them and drinks with them."
 In June 1968 he was called to Rome for a heresy-hunting interview on his beliefs. Although it did not convict him, in January 1969 the Vatican banned attendance by priests at the centre. He leaked the details of the investigation to The New York Times. Two months later he voluntarily gave up the priesthood, retaining a commitment to celibacy.
 In the centre's role as a think tank a key preoccupation was education. Deschooling Society, Illich's most famous book, came out in 1971 and introduced his name to a wider, global audience. Convinced that the West's education system was collapsing through bureaucracy and the cult of professionalism, he argued against diplomas and the institutionalisation of learning.
OTHER books flowed through the 1970s, often after intense think-tank sessions. Tools for Conviviality (1973) widened the scope of his technocratic targets to include television (for numbing conversation) and cars (for choking cities). Energy and Equity (1974) set out the pro-bicycle case, though Illich was often accused of hypocrisy for travelling by jet aeroplanes.
 Medical Nemesis: The Appropriation of Health argued that health professionals had become a menace to their patients. His remedy was that patients should treat themselves.
 The Right to Useful Unemployment and its Professional Enemies (1975) took the attack to other specialist priesthoods claiming a monopoly of knowledge in their fields.
 His books became progressively less alert to practical issues, more absorbed in intellectual history, probing popular attitudes and assumptions over time. They included ABC: The Alphabetisation of the Popular Mind (1988) and In the Vineyard of the Text (1993), which reflected a new focus on medieval literature.
 His attacks on professions often failed to make direct contact with life on the ground in mass society. His acute intelligence was not in doubt, however. On one occasion, he picked up a fluent knowledge of modern Greek in a day from a hotel gardener.
 But his realism was debatable. Most of his later life was spent in a mud hut -- aloof, austere, absorbed but happy, just outside Mexico City. This gave him a very odd perspective on the real problems of the urban industrial West.  

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Copyright 2002 Newspaper Publishing PLC 

 The Independent (London) 

December 10, 2002, Wednesday 

SECTION: First Edition; OBITUARIES; Pg. 18 

LENGTH: 1393 words 

HEADLINE: OBITUARY: IVAN ILLICH;
 PRIEST AND WIDE-RANGING THINKER 

BYLINE: Felix Corle 

HIGHLIGHT: 
Illich: better at identifying problems than proposing solutions 

BODY: 
 
 WAS IVAN Illich an inspired out-of-the-box thinker, or just plain wacky? A wide -ranging writer who was a Catholic priest for 18 years, he was never shy at overturning cherished ideas, rejecting the institutionalism of religion, education, medical care, scientific discovery and economic progress. His ideas attracted a cult following in the 1970s which, although whittled away by changing fashions, remains tenacious. 
 The publication in 1971 of his De-Schooling Society - which railed against mandatory public education and the institutionalisation of learning - brought his ideas to a wide public. "Most learning happens casually," he wrote, doubtless to the fury of many teachers, "and even most institutional learning is not the result of programmed instruction." He believed pouring money into programmes for the disadvantaged was a waste, arguing that the lack of stimulation in a child's home environment could not be made up for at school. 
 In Medical Nemesis: the expropriation of health (1975), he expounded his belief that the medical system - though not doctors individually - represented a threat to health. "I am deeply saddened by the willingness of people to be taken in by the idea that what medical schools produce, in any way, contributes to health," he once declared.  
 He attacked the scientific profession, believing science had simply usurped the Church, and scientists represented nothing other than a secularised priesthood. He was also fond of taking swipes at the transport system, especially the car, believing that no one needed to travel faster than the speed of a bicycle. 
 Illich's thinking was spurred by an extraordinary life that made him acutely aware of the tides in human affairs. Of mixed Croatian and Jewish ancestry, he was brought up in a multilingual environment (he claimed to know 14 languages and not to have a native tongue), was educated in three different countries, worked in several more and studied subjects as diverse as natural sciences, history, philosophy and theology. 
 Born to a father who claimed descent from Dalmatian royalty and a Sephardic Jewish mother, Illich was brought up in both Vienna and Croatia. He was forced to leave his Piarist school in Vienna in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, and the family went to Italy. There, at the same time as supporting his mother and two brothers after the death of his father, he studied in Florence and at Rome's Gregorian University before returning to Austria and obtaining a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg, where he wrote his doctoral dissertation on the historian Arnold Toynbee. 
 Ordained a Catholic priest in Rome in 1951, he seemed destined for a career in the Vatican diplomatic service or as a canon lawyer. But instead he chose to move to the United States, where he served from 1951 to 1956 as an assistant priest of a mainly Puerto Rican parish in New York's Upper West Side, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. He noted that Puerto Ricans in New York did not go to Mass much, because it started on time. 
 In 1956 he became Deputy Rector of the Santa Maria Catholic University of Ponce in Puerto Rico, which organised summer courses for North American priests due to work among Latin American immigrants. There he preferred to work with "pro -humanist, pro-independence people" and publicly questioned the channelling of money to universities when there was not enough to keep schools afloat. 
 He was forced out in 1960 for opposing the local bishop's edict forbidding Catholics to vote for a governor who advocated state-sponsored birth control. That same year he travelled across Latin America. 
 In 1961 he founded a centre for cross-cultural studies, in Cuernavaca, a small city 50 miles west of Mexico City. During the 1970s - after Illich severed its formal connections with the Catholic Church - his Centro Intercultural de Documentacin (Cidoc) became an internationally respected focus for intellectual discussion. Illich's passionate debates there with the likes of the Brazilian educational activist Paolo Freire became famous. 
 Cidoc had subversive aims from the start. The opening address was given by the Brazilian bishop Dom Helder Camera, who often described it as a school for "de -Yankeefication" of the missionary priests being sent from North America to pick up language and cultural skills before moving permanently to Latin America. 
 Illich disagreed with the church policy of increasing the number of priests in the continent, believing that the church could be revived only by lay people. His real purpose at Cidoc, he later confessed, was "to corrupt the would-be missionaries while they were still with us and ship them home under their own motivation". 
 His activity provoked growing concern among traditionalists. One Opus Dei paper in Mexico denounced the local bishop for harbouring "that strange, devious and slippery personage, crawling with indefinable nationalities, who is called, or claims to be called, Ivan Illich". Denunciations reached the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF), the recently renamed Holy Office, in Rome. 
 Eventually summoned by the CDF in June 1968, Illich was not told in advance what his questioning would consist of. On arrival he discovered he would have to answer on four points: his "dangerous" doctrinal views, his "erroneous" ideas about the Church, his "bizarre" conceptions of the priesthood and his "subversive" interpretation of the liturgy. 
 Waiting for the two other inquisitors to arrive before proceedings could begin, Illich discussed the weather in Serbo-Croat with the CDF prefect, Cardinal Franjo Seper. Illich was taken aback when asked to swear an oath of secrecy, rejecting it outright. He then refused to answer the written questions presented to him. Seper was kind and apologetic, he later recalled, "like a man caught up in a transaction which embarrassed him profoundly". 
 With Illich's refusal to co-operate, the proceedings ground to a halt. Seper embraced Illich warmly and left him with the parting words of Dostoevsky's Grand Inquisitor: "Get going and don't come back!" Illich wrote a respectful but indignant letter to Pope Paul complaining of the CDF methods and left the priesthood in March 1969, though he did not abandon his vow of celibacy or his daily reading of the Office. 
 He remained director of Cidoc and a lecturer at the Jesuit-run Fordham University in New York until 1976, during which he produced some of his most influential writing. From the 1980s he divided his time between Mexico, the United States, and Germany, teaching at universities in Kassel, Berkeley, Marburg, Oldenburg, Pennsylvania and Bremen. 
 In his complex and often verbose books, Illich was better at identifying problems than proposing solutions. Some found him a hypocrite, happy to exploit air travel while extolling the virtues of the bicycle, attacking organised education while earning his living in the academic world and "defending" Latin America from outside meddling while himself being an outsider. A vegetarian, he sometimes ate meat. 
 Only his suspicion of doctors seemed to match his teaching. Diagnosed with cancer in 1983, he refused all treatment. In Pakistan he saw an Islamic medical expert, who advised taking opium in small quantities. 
 As the tumour on his cheek became more prominent and painful, and subject to epileptic attacks, he refused to accept the diagnosis imposed by doctors. "I am not ill, it's not an illness," he declared. "It is something completely different - a very complicated relationship." He claimed not to be dependent on the opium he regularly took. 
 As illness took hold, he valued even more the warmth of his close circle of friends. At home mainly with intellectuals who shared his views, Illich could be harsh on those he considered stupid. But he enjoyed being provocative. "We must have a sarcastic readiness for all surprises," he once said, "including the ultimate surprise of death." 
 y 
 Ivan Illich, sociologist and priest: born Vienna 4 September 1926; ordained priest 1951, left the priesthood 1969; Deputy Rector, Santa Maria University, Puerto Rico 1956-60; Director, Centro Intercultural de Documentacin, Cuernavaca 1961-76; died Bremen, Germany 2 December 2002.  

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4 of 69 DOCUMENTS 

Copyright 2002 Guardian Newspapers Limited 

The Guardian (London) 

December 9, 2002 

SECTION: Guardian Leader Pages, Pg. 22 

LENGTH: 960 words 

HEADLINE: Obituary: Ivan Illich: A polymath and polemicist, his greatest contribution was as an archaeologist of ideas, rather than an ideologue 

BYLINE: Andrew Todd and Franco La Cecla 

BODY: 
 
 Ivan Illich, who has died of cancer aged 76, was one of the world's great thinkers, a polymath whose output covered vast terrains. He worked in 10 languages; he was a jet-age ascetic with few possessions; he explored Asia and South America on foot; and his obligations to his many collaborators led to a constant criss-crossing of the globe in the last two decades. 
 Best known for his polemical writings against western institutions from the 1970s, which were easily caricatured by the right and were, equally, disdained by the left for their attacks on the welfare state, in the last 20 years of his life he became an officially forgotten, troublesome figure (like Noam Chomsky today in mainstream America). This position obscures the true importance of his contribution. His critique of modernity was founded on a deep understanding of the birth of institutions in the 13th century, a critical period in church history which enlightened all of his work, whether about gender, reading or materiality. He was far more significant as an archaeologist of ideas, someone who helped us to see the present in a truer and richer perspective, than as an ideologue.  
 Illich was born in Vienna into a family with Jewish, Dalmatian and Catholic roots. His was an errant life, and he never found a home again after his family had to leave Vienna in 1941. He was educated in that city and then in Florence before reading histology and crystallography at Florence University. 
 He decided to enter the priesthood and studied theology and philosophy at the Vatican's Gregorian University from 1943 to 1946. He started work as a priest in an Irish and Puerto Rican parish in New York, popularising the church through close contact with the Latino community and respect for their traditions. He applied these same methods on a larger scale when, in 1956, he was appointed vice-rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, and later, in 1961, as founder of the Centro Intercultural de Documentacion (CIDOC) at Cuernavaca in Mexico, a broad-based research centre which offered courses and briefings for missionaries arriving from North America. 
 The radicalism of CIDOC attracted many young North American priests, but it became a victim of its own success in a rightwing climate, and was wound up 10 years later by the consent of its members. (Illich said of its director, Valentina Borremans, that "she realised that the soul of this free, independent and powerless thinkery would have been squashed by its rising influence . . . (a positive) atmosphere invites the institutionalisation which will corrupt it.") By this time Illich had also resigned active duty as a priest, thereby sidestepping a potentially bitter conflict with the conservative Vatican authorities, who now opposed CIDOC. 
 Illich retained a lifelong base in Cuernavaca, but travelled constantly from this point on. His intellectual activity in the 1970s and 1980s focused on major institutions of the industrialised world. In seven concise, non-academic books he addressed education (Deschooling Society, 1971), technological development (Tools For Conviviality, 1973), energy, transport and economic development (Energy And Equity, 1974), medicine (Medical Nemesis, 1976) and work (The Right To Useful Unemployment And Its Professional Enemies, 1978, and Shadow Work, 1981). He analysed the corruption of institutions which, he said, ended up by performing the opposite of their original purpose. He observed the roots of this process in the institutionalisation of charity in the 13th-century church (he frequently cited the Latin maxim "corruptio optimi pessima", the corruption of the best is the worst). 
 His 1982 book, Gender, argued that the difference between feminine and masculine domains had been sacrificed to the idea of neutral work, capitalism creating and depending on the simplistic coupling of the male wage labourer and the woman as mother to produce new workers. 
 The late 1980s and 1990s saw the flowering of his interests. There was the historicity of materials (H 2 O And The Waters of Forgetfulness, 1985), literacy (ABC, The Alphabetisation Of The Popular Mind, 1988, co-written with Barry Sanders) and the origins of book-learning (In The Vineyard Of The Text, 1993). The latter volume was, he said, an attempt to understand the transition from the book to the computer screen through the prism of the changes in 13th-century reading practice. 
 In essays, papers and through the work of his collaborators, he addressed themes as diverse as the history of the gaze, friendship, hospitality, bioethics, body history (particularly with his close collaborator, the sociologist Barbara Duden) and space. 
 Illich lived frugally, but opened his doors to collaborators and drop-ins with great generosity, running a practically non-stop educational process which was always celebratory, open-ended and egalitarian at his final bases in Bremen, Cuernavaca and Pennsylvania. 
 His charisma, brilliance and spirituality were clear to anyone who encountered him; these qualities sustained him in a heroic level of activity over the last 10 years in the context of terrible suffering caused by a disfiguring cancer. Following the thesis of Medical Nemesis, he administered his own medication against the advice of doctors, who proposed a largely sedative treatment which would have rendered his work impossible. 
 He was able to finish a history of pain which will be published in French next year, as will his complete works. His last wish, which was to die surrounded by close collaborators amid the beginnings of a new learning centre he had planned in Bologna, was not realised. 
 Ivan Illich, thinker, born September 4 1926; died December 2 2002 

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Copyright 2002 Het Financieele Dagblad 

Het Financieele Dagblad 

December 9, 2002 

SECTION: Korte Berichten; Pg. 2 

LENGTH: 75 words 

HEADLINE: Cultuurcriticus Ivan Illich overleden 

BODY: 
 De vroegere priester en cultuurcriticus Ivan Illich (76) is overleden. In Wenen geboren als zoon van een rooms-katholieke Kroaat en een luthers gedoopte Duitse jodin, en met Spaanse en Amerikaanse voorouders was Illich, die acht talen sprak, voorbestemd buiten de gebaande wegen te gaan. Hij was afgestudeerd in theologie, geschiedenis, geografie en filosofie en werd vooral bekend door zijn kritiek op de ge-vestigde instituten van het Westen.  

LANGUAGE: Dutch / Nederlands 

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Copyright 2002 The Washington Post 

 The Washington Post 

December 08, 2002, Sunday, Final Edition 

SECTION: METRO; Pg. C11 

LENGTH: 416 words 

HEADLINE: Ivan Illich Railed Against Technology, Institutions 

BYLINE: From News Services 

BODY: 

 Ivan Illich, 76, a noted sociologist who protested the institutionalization of learning and religion, died Dec. 2 at his home in Bremen, Germany. The cause of death was not reported. 
 Dr. Illich, who was best known for his 1971 publication "Deschooling Society," had lectured in sociology at the University of Bremen for the past decade.  
 Regarded as both a crank and a visionary, he railed against modern technology, the education system and standardized health care. He maintained that modern technology was oppressive, claiming, for example, that automobiles enslaved society and that bicycles were a faster way to travel. 
 Dr. Illich, who was born in Vienna, Austria, was forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry. He went to Italy and studied in Florence and at Rome's Gregorian University before returning to Austria and obtaining a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg. 
 He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. 
 He became a familiar name in religious and educational circles after he founded a training center in Cuernavaca, Mexico, in 1961. Part language program, part think tank, the Intercultural Center of Documentation prepared missionaries to work in Mexico and Latin America and attracted priests, nuns and lay Catholics. 
 At the time he opened the center, Dr. Illich was a Catholic monsignor, but from the first he challenged his students' assumptions about Western superiority and religious patriarchy, which soon embroiled him in ecclesiastical controversy. His view that the Catholic Church should dissolve its bureaucracy did not help his standing with the Vatican. 
 In 1968, he was called to Rome to explain but refused to answer questions. Thousands of dollars in church funds were withdrawn from his center, and he severed ties between the center and religious institutions. A year later he resigned from the priesthood. By then he had chosen the social causes that occupied him for the rest of his life. 
 Reflecting his discomfort with organized religion, he argued that school made people dumb, and the legal system, rather than providing people with solutions, heightened their frustration. He argued that even science was being strangled by institutionalization. 

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Copyright 2002 AG fuer Die Neue Zuercher Zeitung NZZ 

NZZ am Sonntag 

December 8, 2002 

SECTION: Wirtschaft Text; Seite 57 

LENGTH: 1151 words 

HEADLINE: Der Zwiespalt der heiligen Zeit 

BODY: 
 Wir Konsumenten koennen mit Weihnachtseinkaeufen die Konjunktur beleben  und unsere Jobs sichern. Haben wir keine andere Wahl, als uns reich zu kaufen oder sparend zugrunde zu gehen?, fragt Beat Kappeler 
 Dramatisch wird dieser Dezember. Ein weltweiter "Kauf-nix-Tag" junger Leute soll am 21. Dezember die Konsumenten aus den Tempeln treiben. Mit Toepfen und Pfannen wollen sie zum Beispiel in Bern das Einkaufsparadies unter den Lauben erschrecken. Gleichzeitig aber rechnen in den Amtsstuben, Banken und Universitaeten die Experten nach, ob die Konsumenten die noetigen Prozente oder nur Promille mehr ausgeben, um die Konjunktur zu retten. Streiken die Konsumenten wirklich, taucht die Wirtschaft endgueltig ab, fallen Arbeitsplaetze zu Hunderttausenden weg, streichen die Unternehmer noch die letzte Investition.  
 Dieser Zwiespalt zur Weihnachtszeit trennt allerdings nicht nur Junge und Experten, er wogt wohl in jeder Brust. Nun, da auch die letzte Haustuer noch mit Lichtgirlanden umrankt wird, da am Bellevue in Zuerich fuenfzig Klaeuse auf Harley-Davidson-Maschinen anrauschen und der Januar-Ausverkauf schon Mitte November beginnt, inflationiert sich der Weihnachtszauber. Da hilft es nur wenig, wenn gleich alle humanitaeren Werke dem schlechten Gewissen aufsitzen und die Briefkaesten mit erschuetternden Aufrufen fuellen. Auch sie sind im Weihnachtsgeschaeft. 
 Abseits des Einkaufstrubels und vor der Demo sollte man sich zwei Fragen ueberlegen: Ist das Weihnachtsgeschaeft wirklich matchentscheidend, und haben wir nach zweihundert Jahren Wachstum keine andere Wahl, als uns reich zu kaufen oder sparend zugrunde zu gehen? 
 Nicht matchentscheidend 
 Volkswirtschaftlich gesehen ueberschaetzen Junge wie Experten das Weihnachtsgeschaeft. Zwar werden die Jahresumsaetze an Buechern, Parfums oder Spielsachen erst im Dezember gemacht oder verloren, doch gemessen am gesamten Einkommen bleibt dies bescheiden. Ueberhaupt machen Alkohol, Kleider, Hausrat und sonstige Waren nur etwa 15% im Warenkorb des Preisindexes aus, waehrend fuers Wohnen 26,5% ausgegeben werden, fuer den Verkehr fast 10%. Diese grossen Ausgabenposten wachsen uebers ganze Jahr. 
 Wohnten 1980 noch 2,3 Personen in einer Wohnung, so sind es heute nur 2. Naehme man alle Motorfahrzeuge aus den Garagen, wuerde - in beiden Richtungen auf den Strassen aufgereiht - alle 30 Meter eines stehen. Die Strassen selbst wurden seit 1980 um 5000 Kilometer verlaengert. Das alles faellt mehr ins Gewicht als einige Krawatten und Parfums zu Weihnachten. Mehr noch als Waren kauft man Dienstleistungen. Doch selbst wenn sich die Feiernden nur Dienste zu Weihnachten schenken, mit dem beruehmten, noch schnell geschriebenen Verlegenheitsgutschein tragen diese wenig zum Weihnachtsgeschaeft bei. Man macht die geschenkte Reise erst im Laufe des naechsten Jahres, isst erst im Januar auswaerts. 
 Das alles ist noch einzusehen, aber die andere Frage bringt den Zwiespalt der heiligen Zeit und der schlechten Konjunktur auf den Punkt. Muessen die Konsumenten ihre Ausgaben-Maschinerie anwerfen, nur damit sie im Tretrad der Produktion ueberhaupt arbeiten koennen? Koennte man stattdessen nicht einfacher leben und nur Waren aus der vollautomatischen Produktion billig kaufen, den teuren Schnickschnack und die Dienste aber liegen lassen? 
 Der einzelne Konsument kann diese Strategie tatsaechlich verfolgen und auch seine Arbeitszeit senken. Der juengst verstorbene Jesuit Ivan Illich hatte dazu aufgerufen. Er rechnete 1973 vor, dass man mit dem Auto nicht schneller vorwaerts kommt als zu Fuss, wenn man die Arbeitszeit, um es zu kaufen, einrechnet. Dreissig Jahre spaeter aber stimmt dies nicht mehr. Man kommt im Auto doppelt und dreimal so schnell voran wie damals, denn der Autokauf kostet viel weniger an Arbeitszeit. Dank Schnellstrassen und Parkhaeusern wurde der Privatverkehr erfolgreicher industrialisiert, als Illich voraussah. 
 Damit gelangen wir vom Individuellen zum Gesellschaftlichen. Die Gesellschaft macht laufend Produktivitaetsfortschritte, wenn sie in ihrer ganzen Breite waechst, mit Dienstleistungen, Elektronik, Programmierung, Infrastrukturen. Haette man die Produktivitaet auf dem einfachen Stande von vor dreissig Jahren festgefroren, waere die BRD in die DDR eingetreten, nicht umgekehrt. Um Fortschritte zu erreichen, sind "Umweg-Produktionen" noetig und schlicht auch mehr Umsatzvolumen, aus dem Entwicklungen und Investitionen finanziert werden. Wenn die Entwicklung eines neuen Medikaments 500 Millionen Franken kostet und eine Firma dafuer zehn Prozent ihres Umsatzes zurueckbehalten kann, dann muss sie Produkte fuer fuenf Milliarden Franken verkaufen. Ueber die Mobiltelefonie gibt fast jeder mitteilsame Nutzer zwar zuerst bekannt, wo er gerade steht. Der volkswirtschaftliche Gewinn an Produktivitaet aber ergibt sich erst, wenn ein Baupolier die Zement-Ladung zeitgenau bestellen kann, wenn jemand im Stau oder im stecken gebliebenen Zug die anderen zehn Kollegen informieren kann, die vergebens auf die Sitzung warten. 
 Der Reiz des Neuen 
 Wenn bald schon auf den neuen Handheld-Geraeten alle Arbeitsunterlagen, das ganze Internet, Daten und Bilder ueberall und jederzeit verfuegbar sind, dann wird die Produktivitaet in den Galopp fallen. Dafuer aber sind Umwege noetig, die Netze muessen aufgebaut und durch die vielen Mitschwaetzer amortisiert werden. Dies alles bleibt im Prinzip freiwillig. Nicht alle muessen mitmachen, mitbezahlen, aber sie profitieren beim Kauf immer guenstigerer Waren. 
 Doch es gibt auch Zwangskonsum. Vor allem ueber Steuern und Abgaben zahlen alle an die Umweg-Produktionen. Dazu zaehlen private wie oeffentliche Infrastrukturen, Strassen, Stadien, Umweltsanierungen. Die Kosten des Gesundheitswesens, das viele Kranke wieder produktiv macht, werden allen auferlegt. Die Sozialtransfers an Arme, Rentner, Invalide und Arbeitslose orientieren sich an der steigenden Produktivitaet und werden von allen berappt. Staatliche Vorschriften lassen keine einfachen Autos ohne Airbag und Katalysator zu, Wohnbauten wurden innert 20 Jahren nur wegen neuer Regeln schon um fast 30% teurer. 
 Doch weil Tueftler, Hersteller, Anbieter, Werber sich hinter immer Neues machen, steigt zwar die Komplexitaet, aber auch die Produktivitaet und die Farbigkeit der Gesellschaft steigen unaufhoerlich. Zu verfuehrerisch ist das Neue, das Produktivere. Fuer Internet, Verkabelung und PC wirft man jubelnd Tausende von Franken auf. So aber steigt die Gesamtleistung wieder - und schliesslich kriegt man sein Geld ueber den Lohn zurueck. Die westliche Gesellschaft ist vor zweihundert Jahren in Freiheit und Aufklaerung einem Schnellzug aufgesessen. So lange sie frei bleibt, darf und muss sie weiterfahren, der Einzelne kann aber aussteigen, sich "entschleunigen". Wenn Pfannengeklapper am 21. Dezember ihn nachdenken laesst, umso besser. 

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Copyright 2002 VUM Groep 

De Standaard 

December 7, 2002 

EDITION: Nationaal 

SECTION: Cultuur; Pg. 17 

LENGTH: 375 words 

HEADLINE: Artikel zonder titel 

BODY: 
 
¬ 
VRIJDAG 
GEORGE HARRISON UITGEWUIFD 
In de Londense Albert Hall wordt de vorig jaar overleden ex-Beatle George Harrison uitgewuifd met een herdenkingsconcert. 
VLAAMSE KORTFILM WINT IN VS 
Fait d'hiver van Dirk Belien is op het Saint Louis International Film Festival in de VS bekroond als beste kortfilm. 
MISSVERKIEZING TV-HIT 
Meer dan een miljoen tv-kijkers zien op tv hoe de Naamse Julie Taton miss Belgie wordt.  
ZATERDAG 
EUROCITIES AWARD VOOR STAD ANTWERPEN 
De stad Antwerpen krijgt de Eurocities Award in de categorie 'vernieuwende projecten voor culturele diversiteit en sociale cohesie' voor het sociaal-culturele project Vertel.de.stad. 
DUMAS IN PANTHEON 
In Parijs wordt de negentiende-eeuwse volksschrijver Alexandre Dumas ('De drie musketiers') met veel toeters en bellen bijgezet in het Pantheon. 
ZONDAG 
ARTHOUSEFILMHUIS STOPT 
Na 53 jaar sluit het arthousecinemahuis Progres Films de deuren. De zaakvoerster, Grace Winter, ziet de toekomst somber in voor de betere film in Belgie. 
LIMBURGSE DANCE WINT 
Op de Top of the Pop Awards wint de Limburgse groep Ian Van Dahl het als beste danceact van de gedoodverfde favoriet, Moby. 
MAANDAG 
GRATIS CLAUS 
Nieuwe gedichten van Hugo Claus bij schilderijen en aquarellen van Jan Van Riet worden volgend jaar gratis verspreid in een oplage van 75.000 exemplaren. Het initiatief gaat uit van Behoud de Begeerte, dat een grootschalig literair evenement voorbereidt voor de kuststreek. 
DINSDAG 
PIANIST MAL WALDRON STERFT 
De pianist en componist Mal Waldron is na een korte ziekte in Brussel overleden. Hij was 77. De laatste begeleider van Billie Holiday woonde sinds 1990 in Brussel. 
CULTUURFILOSOOF IVAN ILLICH OVERLEDEN 
Ivan Illich, vooral in de jaren zeventig een bekende cultuurfilosoof en beschavingscriticus, overlijdt op 76-jarige leeftijd in Bremen. 
WOENSDAG 
CLOUSEAU VULT SPORTPALEIS 
Clouseau geeft het eerste van zeven concerten in een uitverkocht Antwerpse Sportpaleis. 
DONDERDAG 
'THE HOURS' BESTE FILM 
De vereniging van Amerikaanse filmcritici bekroont the hours van Stephen Daldry als beste film van 2002. Ook The gangs of New York van Martin Scorsese eindigt hoog. Beide films komen de volgende maanden in Belgie uit.  

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Copyright 2002 The Times Mirror Company; Los Angeles Times 
 All Rights Reserved 

Los Angeles Times 

December 7, 2002 Saturday  Home Edition 

SECTION: California Metro; Part 2; Page 23; Metro Desk 

LENGTH: 910 words 

HEADLINE: Obituaries;
Ivan Illich, 76; Ex-Priest Condemned Modernity 

BYLINE: Mary Rourke, Times Staff Writer 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a social scientist and onetime Catholic priest who railed against modern technology, the education system and standardized health care, died Monday at his home in Bremen, Germany, at 76. The cause of death was not known. 
Illich's numerous books and articles earned him a reputation as a crank and a visionary whose first allegiance was to the past. He saw modern technology as oppressive, claiming, for example, that cars enslaved society and that bicycles were a faster way to travel.  
A teacher for more than 50 years, he was wary of his own profession. In his 1971 book "De-Schooling Society," he argued that children learn best at home or in casual situations rather than through formal education. 
He became a familiar name in religious and education circles after he founded a training center in Cuernavaca, Mexico, in 1961. Part language program, part think tank, the Intercultural Center of Documentation prepared missionaries to work in Mexico and Latin America and attracted priests, nuns and lay Catholics. 
When he opened the center, Illich was a Catholic monsignor, but from the first he challenged his students' existing assumptions about Western superiority and religious patriarchy, which soon embroiled him in ecclesiastical controversy. 
His view that the Catholic Church should dissolve its bureaucracy did not help his standing with the Vatican. 
In 1968 Illich was called to Rome to explain, but he refused to answer his interrogators' questions. 
Thousands of dollars in church funds were withdrawn from his center and he severed ties between the center and religious institutions. A year later he resigned from the priesthood. By then he had chosen the social causes that occupied him for the rest of his life. 
Born in Vienna in 1926, Illich was the son of a Catholic Croatian civil engineer. His mother was a Sephardic Jew and, in 1941, his family was expelled from Croatia because of her Jewish heritage. 
Illich completed his education in Salzburg, Austria; Florence, Italy; and Rome, where he entered a seminary. As a new priest in 1952, he moved to New York City to work in a parish made up mainly of Puerto Ricans. Four years later he was named vice rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. 
There, he complained that fellow clergy arriving from the mainland did not speak adequate Spanish nor did they know very much about Latino culture. 
In 1960 he disputed the local bishop, James McManus, who forbade local Catholics to vote for a gubernatorial candidate who was a proponent of state-funded birth control. 
Illich defended their right to exercise their freedom of conscience, a fundamental teaching of Catholic ethics. 
Denounced by the bishop, he returned to New York to work as a research assistant at Fordham University. He also founded an early version of the center he later established in Mexico. 
In October 1961, four months after Illich opened his center in Cuernavaca, Time magazine reported on the training program, whose highlights included 5 1/2-hour drills in Spanish and group therapy sessions that tore down ethnocentric beliefs. 
"Some of the inmates are not sure themselves what they have got into, or what manner of wild man is this dark, cadaverous Ivan Illich who yells at them and lectures them, plays and prays with them, insults them and drinks with them," Time reported. 
In 1967, two years before he left the priesthood, Illich recommended that the Catholic Church radically reorganize itself for the future. He envisioned a time when small groups of Christians met for supper in private homes and the laity took a greater role in church leadership. 
The declining number of priests was in his estimation a good sign. "We welcome the disappearance of institutional bureaucracy in a spirit of deep joy," he wrote in an article for Critic magazine. 
For the next 15 years his books met with mixed reviews by critics, who praised his keen intelligence but complained that his research was selective and one-sided and that he rarely offered alternatives to the social situations he decried. 
His most important book, "De-Schooling Society" (1971), prompted reviewer Anatole Broyard to compare it to a speech that gives you goose bumps. But he rejected a number of Illich's arguments. "Schools aren't as bad as he maintains, most learning isn't acquired casually, as he says ... schools are not entirely self-perpetuating, as he says," Broyard wrote for the New York Times. 
Illich's "Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health" in 1975 contended that the medical establishment is a hazard to people's health. "Shadow Work" in 1981 criticized modern technology. 
Peter Berger, the noted sociologist, reviewed the latter. "Its weaknesses are those of his earlier books," Berger wrote for the New York Times. "Mr. Illich seems incapable of perceiving the liberating and humanizing effects of modernity." 
From 1979 until his death, Illich worked as a professor on university faculties in Europe and the United States teaching political science, medieval history, architecture and sociology, among other subjects. 
Writing about him for America, the Jesuit magazine, in 1967, Fordham University colleague Father Joseph P. Fitzpatrick noted that Illich believed in conflict if it helped bring about change. 
"He is therefore and always will be a sign of contradiction and a focus of controversy," he wrote. 
Illich never married and had no children.  

GRAPHIC: PHOTO: IVAN ILLICH: Among his targets were technology, the education system and standardized health care. He was known as a crank and a visionary. PHOTOGRAPHER: Los Angeles Times 

LOAD-DATE: December 7, 2002 

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Copyright 2002 Stichting Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau 

Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau ANP 

December 6, 2002 

SECTION: Geestelijk Leven 

LENGTH: 246 words 

HEADLINE: Ex-priester Ivan Illich overleden 

BODY: 
 
 BREMEN (ANP) - De vroegere priester en cultuurcriticus Ivan Illich is maandag op 76-jarige leeftijd in Bremen overleden. Dat meldde The International Herald Tribune van vrijdag. 
 In Wenen geboren als zoon van een rooms-katholieke Kroaat en een luthers gedoopte Duitse jodin en met Spaanse en Amerikaanse voorouders was Illich, die acht talen sprak, voorbestemd buiten de gebaande wegen te gaan. Hij was afgestudeerd in theologie, geschiedenis, geografie en filosofie. 
 Illich is vooral bekend geworden door zijn kritiek op de gevestigde instituten van het Westen. De medische stand noemde hij "een bedreiging voor de gezondheid". Ook pleitte hij voor "ontscholing van de samenleving" omdat het onderwijssysteem in zijn ogen ernstig tekortschoot.  
 Als priester in een arme wijk in Puerto Rico behoorde hij in de jaren zestig tot de oprichters van CIDOC, het Internationaal documentatiecentrum van Cuernavaca in Mexico. Deze alternatieve universiteit, ontmoetingspunt van alle intellectuele guerrillastrijders in Latijns-Amerika, stond bekend om zijn kritiek op de industriele samenleving. 
 In 1968 moest moest Illich zich bij de congregatie voor de geloofsleer verdedigen voor zijn, in Vaticaanse ogen, te radicale opvattingen. Hij smokkelde de 85 vragen die hem werden voorgelegd, uit de kelder van de congregatie en publiceerde ze. Daarop legde hij zijn priesterlijke functies neer, maar herhaalde zijn priestergeloften, onder meer die van armoede en kuisheid.  

LOAD-DATE: December 6, 2002 

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Copyright 2002 Stichting Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau 

Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau ANP 

December 6, 2002 

12:26 Central European Time 

SECTION: BUITENLAND 

LENGTH: 294 words 

HEADLINE: Ex-priester en cultuurcriticus Ivan Illich overleden 

BYLINE: Visser 

DATELINE: BREMEN (ANP) 

BODY: 
 
 De vroegere priester en cultuurcriticus Ivan Illich is maandag op 76-jarige leeftijd in Bremen overleden. Dat meldde The International Herald Tribune van vrijdag.  
 In Wenen geboren als zoon van een rooms-katholieke Kroaat en een luthers gedoopte Duitse jodin en met Spaanse en Amerikaanse voorouders was Illich, die acht talen sprak, voorbestemd buiten de gebaande wegen te gaan. Hij was afgestudeerd in theologie, geschiedenis, geografie en filosofie. 
 Illich is vooral bekend geworden door zijn kritiek op de gevestigde instituten van het Westen. De medische stand noemde hij ,,een bedreiging voor de gezondheid''. Ook pleitte hij voor ,,ontscholing van de samenleving'' omdat het onderwijssysteem in zijn ogen ernstig tekortschoot. 
 Als priester in een arme wijk in Puerto Rico behoorde hij in de jaren zestig tot de oprichters van CIDOC, het Internationaal documentatiecentrum van Cuernavaca in Mexico. Deze alternatieve universiteit, ontmoetingspunt van alle intellectuele guerrillastrijders in Latijns-Amerika, stond bekend om zijn kritiek op de industriele samenleving. 
 In 1968 moest moest Illich zich bij de congregatie voor de geloofsleer verdedigen voor zijn, in Vaticaanse ogen, te radicale opvattingen. Hij smokkelde de 85 vragen die hem werden voorgelegd, uit de kelder van de congregatie en publiceerde ze. Daarop legde hij zijn priesterlijke functies neer, maar herhaalde zijn priestergeloften, onder meer die van armoede en kuisheid. 
 Door talloze boeken en artikelen in vooraanstaande tijdschriften als Le Nouvel Observateur en The New York Review of Books heeft hij zijn opvattingen verspreid. Hij heeft in de Verenigde Staten, Japan en Porto Rico gedoceerd. Sinds 1991 was hij hoogleraar aan de Universiteit van Bremen.  

LOAD-DATE: December 9, 2002 

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Copyright 2002 Financial Times Information
All rights reserved
Global News Wire

 Copyright 2002 The Ukrainian Times 

The Ukrainian Times 

December 6, 2002 

LENGTH: 140 words 

HEADLINE: MARIUPOL WORKS, MINMETALS SIGN PACT 

BYLINE: Aleksei Voskresensky 

BODY: 

The Mariupol-based Illich metallurgical works and the company Minmetals of China have concluded a cooperation agreement of late. Over the course of next year Ukrainian metallurgists will supply their Chinese partners with 30,000 tons of hot-rolled products and 10,000 tons of cold-rolled products per month.  
China has been one of the largest consumers of Mariupol metals for several decades. This year the Chinese government fixed an import quota that affected orders executed by the Illich metallurgical works. At the same time, the local steel industry is unable to meet the needs of China for metals. That is why an increase in deliveries of the above products is advantageous both to the Mariupol enterprise and its partners, according to Aleksandr Belousov, deputy director-general of the Illich metallurgical works.  

JOURNAL-CODE: WTUT 

LOAD-DATE: December 4, 2002 

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Copyright 2002 Bloomberg L.P.  

Bloomberg News 

December 5, 2002, Thursday 11:04 AM Eastern Time 

LENGTH: 188 words 

HEADLINE: IVAN ILLICH, A SOCIOLOGIST IN GERMANY, DIES AT 76, AP REPORTS 

BYLINE: Laure Edwards in the Princeton newsroom at 609-750-4637 or at ledwards2@bloomberg.net. Editor: Chapman.  

DATELINE: Bremen, Germany 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a sociologist who opposed institutionalization of religion and learning, has died at age 76, the Associated Press reported, citing a former university colleague. 
Illich died on Monday in Bremen, Germany, where he had lectured on sociology during the past 10 years, AP reported, citing Johannes Beck, a professor at the university.  
A 1971 publication, "De-Schooling Society," by Illich reflected his position that school makes people "dumb," and that science was being threatened by institutionalization. Illich, who became a Roman Catholic priest, left the priesthood in 1969 because the Church was too bureaucratic, AP said. 
Illich, who was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1926, studied at Rome's Gregorian University after being forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, AP reported. From Italy, he returned to Austria and obtained a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg, before serving as a pastor in New York and championing the rights of Puerto Rican immigrants.

 (AP 12-5) 
For the Associated Press Web site, see NWAP <GO> .  

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Copyright 2002 Telegraph Group Limited 

THE DAILY TELEGRAPH(LONDON) 

December 05, 2002, Thursday 

SECTION: Pg. 27 

LENGTH: 1269 words 

HEADLINE: Obituary of Ivan Illich Sociologist and former priest who took a suspicious view of doctors, teachers, lawyers and the modern world 

BODY: 
IVAN ILLICH, the sociologist and former priest who died on Monday aged 76, was a resolute opponent of institutionalisation; his controversial views on education, society, the law, medicine, and over-consumption brought him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church and "experts" in almost every discipline.
Experts were, in fact, precisely the target of Illich's wrath, especially in his two most influential books, Deschooling Society (1971) and Medical Nemesis (1975). The hideously-titled Celebration of Awareness took a dim view of progress. Gender (1982) pointed out that drains were not an unqualified benefit to the Third World's women. "Tap water put an end to her carrying the jugs to and fro, but also to her meeting friends at the well." Addressing the Royal Academy of Persia on the subject of ablutions, he questioned the wisdom of giving every citizen a flush lavatory. 
Illich argued that schools undermined the genuine purpose of education, that the legal system heightened, rather than resolved, people's grievances, that doctors and scientists had set themselves up as a new, secular priesthood, and that the Church had become enmeshed in bureaucracy. Statements such as "All over the world the school has an anti-educational effect on society" and "The medical establishment has become a major threat to health" were typical examples of his provocative stance.  
But while other figures who shared many of Illich's preoccupations, such as the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, gained support for their views by promulgating them through political channels, Illich resolutely refused to appear on television, and seldom spoke to journalists. Although he continued to publish, his work had less and less influence after the mid-1970s.
Nor did his approach always seem balanced - those who shared his suspicion of bureaucracy and of claims to expertise were often less impressed by his arguments for the basis of community, accusations of "Western political bias" and enthusiasm for "intercultural sensitivity". Others supported Illich's distrust of Western paternalism and authority, but ridiculed the warnings against modern education and medicine. Though he anticipated many of the concerns of the ecological movement, his religious radicalism made him an uncomfortable ally. He opposed travel above bicycle speed (the motor car was a bete noir), yet spent much of his life jet-setting from conference to conference.
Ivan Illich (whose name was sometimes spelled Ilic) was born on September 4 1926 in Vienna, the son of a Catholic Croatian landowner and civil engineer and a mother from a Sephardic Jewish family which had originated in Spain but long since settled around Heidelberg. His maternal grandmother was a Texan. Young Ivan was a promising student at the Piaristengymnasium in the city, and spent his summers on the Dalmatian coast or travelling around Europe until 1941, when his mother's Jewish background led to the family's expulsion from Austria. He completed his secondary education in Florence, at the Liceo Scientifico Leonardo da Vinci, before attending the University of Florence, where he studied Histology and Crystallography. He also read widely in Psychology, becoming particularly interested in the theories of Rudolf Steiner and Ludwig Klages, and developed a fascination with primitive art. These early mentors, he later wrote, "had a much deeper mark on my intellectual orientation than formal university study or degree work".
But by this stage, Illich had also decided to study for the priesthood, and in 1943 travelled to Rome, where he enrolled in the Gregorian University. He began by studying Philosophy, and was much influenced by the writings of the neo-Thomist Jacques Maritain, as well as falling under the spell of Dostoyevsky, whom he saw as a forerunner of existentialism. After graduating in 1946, he embarked on a licentiate in Theology, which concentrated on the basis of religious motivation in the work of Romano Guardini. Simultaneously, he took a doctorate from the University of Salzburg on Arnold Toynbee and the difficulty of historical knowledge.
After ordination in 1951, Illich seemed set for a career as a nuncio or canon lawyer, but instead requested a move to the Archdiocese of New York, where he worked at Washington Heights, in a parish serving the large Puerto Rican population then arriving in Manhattan. With a judgment characteristic of his later work, Illich said that what these migrants needed most was "not more help but less categorisation according to previous schemes".
His enthusiasm for the souls in his care led Illich to accept a job as Vice-Rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico in 1956. He spent four years at Ponce, travelling widely through Latin America and studying immigration; and alienating many of the local clergy by complaining of their readiness to impose American values on their congregations. After he fell out with the Bishop of Ponce, the Most Rev James McManus, over the gubernatorial election of 1960, Illich quit the island and returned to New York.
He became a research assistant to the president of Fordham University, and set up the Center of Intercultural Formation, which soon became the Centro Intercultural de Documentacion (CIDOC), based in Mexico.
This mixture of language school, think tank, publishing house and informal seminary attracted many young priests, especially after a papal call for 10 per cent of North America's religious to serve in the southern part of the continent. Many did not impress Illich - a cantankerous figure - who sent half home as unfit for missionary work. 
After he criticised the Church in the Jesuit-run journal America, Illich's funding was withdrawn, and in 1968, he severed CIDOC's ties with the Church. In January the next year, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith prohibited priests from visiting the centre, and in March 1969, Illich abandoned his titles and benefits (though not his vow of celibacy or obligation to say his office).
Illich continued to lecture at Fordham, in the department of Political Science, and took on many other scholarly posts. He was a visiting professor of Medieval History at the University of Kassel from 1979-1981, at the University of California at Berkeley the following year and then at the Universities of Marburg and Oldenburg, Germany. He became Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Pennsylvania State University in 1986, and ran its doctoral programme in Architecture from 1990 until 1995. From 1991, he lectured in Sociology at Bremen University.
Illich, a man of 6 ft 3 in, could appear a stern, forbidding character, which he put down to "growing up in five languages, but without a mother tongue". He took notes in Latin and read several books each night, acquiring several more languages. He learned Greek in a week when attending a conference in Cyprus, but when asked why he used complicated expressions in English, replied: "Brain incompetence."
Illich's other publications included Tools for Conviviality; Energy and Equity (both 1973); The Right to Useful Employment; Towards a History of Needs (both 1979); Shadow-Work (1981); ABC: The Alphabetisation of the Popular Mind (1988); and In the Vineyard of the Text (1993).
Asked once in Paris: "Do you come here often?" he replied, "I find it difficult to make a general statement about the way I lead my life". Despite his many targets, he maintained until the end the same evasive position about the kind of society of which he would actively approve. "I am not concerned with prescriptions." He avoided doctors.  

LOAD-DATE: December 5, 2002 

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Copyright 2002 VUM Groep 

De Standaard 

December 5, 2002 

EDITION: Nationaal 

SECTION: Cultuur; Pg. 12 

LENGTH: 901 words 

HEADLINE: De eerste andersglobalist Van onze redacteur Marcel van Nieuwenborgh 

BODY: 
 
BRUSSEL -- De boeken van de cultuurfilosoof en beschavingscriticus Ivan Illich, die eergisteren op 76-jarige leeftijd in het Duitse Bremen overleed (DS, 4 december), bepaalden in de jaren zeventig de agenda van vele linkse intellectuelen. Zijn werk mag dan de jongste jaren diep zijn begraven in de bibliotheken, ooit was Illich de hofleverancier van het prille groene gedachtegoed. Je zou hem een vroege andersglobalist kunnen noemen. 
Illich was een wereldburger met een zeldzaam bont curriculum. Hij werd in een Weens ingenieursgezin geboren als zoon van een katholieke Kroaat en een joodse moeder die protestant was geworden. Hij studeerde in Firenze en Salzburg, werd rooms-katholiek priester, doorstond een opleiding in de conservatieve Gregoriana in Rome en werd zelfs huisprelaat van de paus. Maar monsignore Illich verkoos parochiewerk in New York en trok vervolgens naar Puerto Rico om, begin de jaren zestig in het Mexicaanse Cuernavaca een 'Centrum voor interculturele documentatie' (Cidoc) te stichten. Dat deed hij samen met onder anderen Betsy Hollants, een Vlaamse vrouw die hoofdredactrice was van De Standaard in de jaren dertig en in 1996 op 91-jarige leeftijd in Cuernava overleed.  
Het doel van het Cidoc, waar Illich een aantal ontwikkelingswerkers (en ook een paar guerrillastrijders) opleidde, was in zijn woorden: 'de de-Yankificatie bewerkstelligen van Noord-Amerikanen die in Latijns-Amerika kwamen werken'. Dat zette kwaad bloed bij behoudsgezinde bisschoppen op het Amerikaanse continent, die prompt in Rome hun beklag gingen doen. De congregatie voor de geloofsleer stuurde priester Illich dertig vragen over zijn doen en laten. Tegen de gebruiken in maakte hij die vragenlijst openbaar, wat het conflict met Rome deed escaleren en ertoe leidde dat Illich in 1969 zijn priesterfuncties neerlegde. In een gesprek met Der Spiegelverklaarde hij toen: 'Ik ben zo nauw betrokken bij de problematiek van Latijns-Amerika, dat ik op eigen verantwoordelijkheid moet handelen. De kerk kan niet instaan voor wat ik doe en omgekeerd: ik niet voor wat zij doet. Ik ben voor een radicaal socialisme en voor een revolutie in de instituties'. 
Illich wou zichzelf geen marxist noemen, maar volgens hem waren de rijke landen met hun welvaart er zelf ellendig aan toe, want ze gaven een totaal vertekend beeld van de mens, van diens behoeften en capaciteiten. Hij spitste zijn strijd toe op de maatschappelijke instellingen en in het bijzonder op het onderwijsbestel, zoals dat in de welvarende landen fungeerde en in de ontwikkelingslanden werd opgelegd. Zijn boek over De ontscholing van de maatschappij (1971) vond weerklank in zowat de hele wereld. De revolte van mei 1968, waarin de jongeren in het Atlantische Blok de strijd hadden aangebonden tegen de 'vakidiotie' en het instituut universiteit ter discussie hadden gesteld, was daarvoor een voedingsbodem. Slagzinnen als 'Hou het klein' en 'Alles moet op maat van de mens' beheersten het denken in de jaren zeventig. Men was attent gemaakt op de exploitatie van de derde wereld door het Westen en zag de onderdrukkingsmechanismen die daar werden benut ook in de eigen samenleving functioneren. 
Illich pakte, na het schoolsysteem, het bovenmaatse energieverbruik en het verkeer in het Westen aan. Vervolgens stelde hij het medisch bedrijf aan de kaak als een bedreiging voor onze gezondheid. Heel wat dingen die de Franse filosoof Michel Foucault over de gezondheidszorg beweerde, vind je ook al bij Illich. 
De beschavingscriticus toonde zich een grootmeester in het deconstrueren van de denkwereld van technologische ontwikkeling en industriele productie. De mens werd volgens hem teruggebracht tot een gedresseerde consument. De samenleving produceerde apparaten, verkeersmiddelen, instituties en organisaties die zij via opvoeding en onderwijs wereldwijd zonder voorbehoud als een ideologie propageerde. 
'Wij leven wereldwijd in het tijdperk van het technofascisme. We zitten gevangen in de wurgende greep van deskundigen: schoolmeesters, geneesheren, ingenieurs', riep Ivan Illich 25 jaar geleden uit tijdens een van zijn vrij spectaculaire lezingen, waarmee hij ook aan Europese universiteiten te gast was. Hij was een uiterst beweeglijke man die met lange, beenderige, expressieve handen zijn gehoor bezwoer weerwerk te bieden aan wat hij noemde de verpletterende 'nosocratie' (onderwijsdictaat) en de 'iatrocratie' (het geneeskundig bedrijf). 
Hij beval alternatieve technologieen aan, zwaaide de lof van de fiets, peroreerde tegen het gebruik van vliegtuigen ('Wat gaat er gebeuren als alle Chinezen beginnen te vliegen?') en pleitte voor de ontwikkeling van een nieuwe levensstijl en een conviviale samenleving. 
Vandaag is duidelijk hoe Illich' vertoog verankerd zat in de denkpatronen van de jaren zeventig. Toch was hij ook zo lucide om een aantal gevaren te zien aankomen en waarschuwde hij er voor niet te vervallen in een 'natuurmystiek met misantropische trekken', dierenbevrijdingsfronten en ecofanatisme. 
Ivan Illich baseerde zijn hoop voor de toekomst op de zelfbeperking van de mens. 'De overleving van het menselijk ras hangt af van de herontdekking van zichzelf als sociale kracht.' 
www.ecotopia.com/webpress/deschooling.htm 
Ivan Illich tijdens een van zijn colleges in Tilburg in 1976: met zijn expressieve handen bezwoer hij zijn gehoor om zich te verzetten. (c) Paul Van den Abeele 

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Copyright 2002 The Houston Chronicle Publishing Company 

The Houston Chronicle 

December 05, 2002, Thursday 3 STAR EDITION 

SECTION: A; Pg. 39 

LENGTH: 136 words 

HEADLINE: Deaths elsewhere 

SOURCE: Staff 

BODY: 
Gen. Ne Win, Myanmar's former military dictator, Dec. 5, in Yangon, Myanmar. He was 91. Story on Page 30A.
Elizabeth Bullock Andrews, the only woman elected to Congress from Alabama, Dec. 3, of undisclosed cause, in Birmingham, Ala.  She was 92.
Henry Chauncey, the man credited with turning the SAT into an admission standard used by thousands of colleges and universities, Dec. 3, of undisclosed cause, in Shelburne, Vt. He was 97.
Gloria Howes, who spent 51 years in public service, including as a teacher and as one of the most powerful women in the state Legislature, Dec. 3, after suffering a fall at her home, in Albuquerque, N.M. She was 72.
Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested the institutionalization of learning and religion, Dec. 2, of undisclosed cause, in Berlin. He was 76.

TYPE: Obituary 

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Copyright 2002 Le Monde 

Le Monde 

December 5, 2002 

SECTION: Culture 

LENGTH: 807 words 

HEADLINE: La mort d' Ivan Illich, penseur rebelle.  

BYLINE: KEMPF HERVE 

KEYWORD: DECES, DATE, MUTATION, INTELLECTUEL, PHILOSOPHIE; ILLICH IVAN 

HIGHLIGHT: 
 
 L'intellectuel autrichien est mort lundi 2 decembre a Breme, en Allemagne, a l'age de 76 ans. Pretre en conge de l'Eglise, il avait, dans les annees 1970, propose une critique radicale et globale de la societe industrielle, de l'ecole et de la medecine 

BODY: 
 
 IVAN ILLICH aura ete, jusqu'au bout de sa vie, un intellectuel rebelle et coherent: souffrant depuis une dizaine d'annees d'une tumeur au cerveau, il avait choisi de ne pas suivre les therapies usuelles, acceptant de vivre avec une enorme protuberance sur sa joue droite, qui siderait ses interlocuteurs, avant qu'ils ne retrouvent la lueur de son regard et la velocite de son esprit. 
 Provocateur, lucide, implacable critique de la societe industrielle, Ivan Illich a ete, au tournant des annees 1970, le porte-parole entendu et brillant d'une critique non marxiste des institutions qui fondent l'economie contemporaine: l'ecole, la sante, le developpement, la consommation energetique ont ete les cibles d'un discours puissant et qui a donne a l'ecologie une assise theorique solide. 
 Mais, depuis les annees 1980, l'euphorie micro-informatique, le renouveau du capitalisme et la reddition corps et biens de la gauche au liberalisme ont fait oublier ce penseur exigeant. Il est decede lundi 2 decembre, a Breme, dans la douceur, et en pleine possession de ses moyens intellectuels.  
 Ivan Illich etait ne le 4 septembre 1926 a Vienne. Son pere etait croate catholique, sa mere juive sefarade. Il est expulse en 1941 en application des lois raciales nazies. Il va alors etudier a Florence, puis entre a l'Universite gregorienne du Vatican, a Rome, pour devenir pretre. Polyglotte, il est un devoreur de connaissances et d'idees. Il est influence par le philosophe Jacques Maritain, obtient sa licence de theologie en 1951. 
 Le Vatican destinerait ce jeune pretre brillant a sa diplomatie, mais il prefere aller a New York ou on lui confie la paroisse d'Incarnation Church, a Manhattan, ou il va travailler de 1952 a 1956. C'est une paroisse irlandaise, progressivement transformee par l'arrivee massive d'immigrants portoricains. Illich y decouvre le probleme de l'acculturation et deploie des talents remarquables de pedagogue et de passeur entre les cultures americaine et hispanique. Le succes est tel que ses superieurs l'envoient en 1956 a l'Universite catholique de Porto Rico, ou il elargit son travail d'enseignement interculturel. En 1960, il s'oppose a son eveque, qui appelle a ne pas voter pour un candidat gouverneur qui refuse le controle des naissances, et doit quitter Porto Rico. 
 Il parcourt a pied l'Amerique latine et va - selon certains - mediter au Sahara. Il rejoint en 1961 le Cidoc (Centre interculturel de documentation) a Cuernavaca, au Mexique. Il va en faire un carrefour extraordinaire de discussion pour intellectuels et etudiants d'Amerique latine, ou de jeunes Occidentaux, souvent religieux. Cette universite sans hierarchie et sans diplomes est aussi un terrain d'experimentation de ses idees. Il finit par entrer en conflit avec l'Eglise, en critiquant l'aide apostolique des Etats-Unis a l'Amerique latine, qu'il qualifie de plante coloniale, dans un article publie en janvier 1967 a New York (repris dans Esprit en mai 1967). Il enterine la rupture debut 1969, en renoncant a l'exercice et au titre de pretre, mais sans renier sa foi. 
 Independant de l'institution, il va se liberer en donnant en quelques annees son oeuvre bouillonnante et sulfureuse, qui tombe a pic dans un apres-Mai 68 encore baigne d'utopie: Une societe sans ecole, publie en France en 1971, est un succes immediat, tandis qu' Esprit (avec Jean-Luc Domenach) et le Nouvel Observateur (avec Michel Bosquet, alias Andre Gorz) s'attachent a populariser ses idees. Il y explique que l'ecole joue comme un systeme d'exclusion, rejetant ceux qui n'ont pas obtenu de diplome, tout en monopolisant ce qui est juge digne du nom de savoir et rejetant les autres formes de connaissance humaine. 
 En 1973, Energie et equite, reprise d'articles donnes au Monde, sape l'analyse courante de la crise de l'energie - percue generalement comme un probleme de ressources rares - en montrant qu'elle renvoie a la consommation, donc aux usages, par le developpement debride des transports. Il y etablit une equivalence originale entre temps gagne - par la rapidite - et temps perdu - a travailler pour acquerir les moyens d'aller vite. La meme annee voit paraitre La Convivialite, critique plus generale du systeme technique, dans la foulee d'un Jacques Ellul dont il a decouvert l'oeuvre en 1965. 
 La Convivialite est un texte qui garde une etonnante jeunesse. Illich y analyse la transformation de l'outil en un appareil asservissant. Il ne critique pas la technologie, mais le monopole qui lui est confere et qui nuit a la liberte de chacun de repondre a ses propres besoins. Illich decrit la logique qui conduit la societe a poursuivre une croissance ininterrompue, acculturant les groupes et les individus, sans repondre a la pauvrete qui, au contraire, s'y developpe. 
 L'organisation de l'economie tout entiere en vue du mieux-etre est l'obstacle majeur au bien-etre, resume-t-il. 
 Dans la seconde moitie des annees 1970, Illich poursuit son travail en sapant l'institution medicale (avec La Nemesis medicale ), les illusions du travail ( Le Travail fantome ), le concept d'environnement ( H2O). Mais l'optimisme des annees 1960 a disparu, et l'on oublie Illich, du moins en France. Il travaille au Mexique, et, depuis 1990, enseigne tous les automnes a l'universite de Breme, en Allemagne. 
Dans le miroir du passe, en 1994 (Descartes et Cie), donne l'image de ses nouvelles reflexions sur l'engagement ou le langage. Mais il saisit mal les phenomenes des annees 1990 que sont Internet et la biotechnologie. 
 Si les intellectuels patentes l'ont oublie, les preoccupations de Illich continuent d'irriguer un reseau actif de critiques du developpement, dont a temoigne un colloque important a l'Unesco en mars dernier sous le titre Defaire le developpement, refaire le monde. Illich y etait - a cote de Jose Bove. Ses idees ne sont pas mortes le 2 decembre, elles sont au contraire bien vivantes. 

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Copyright 2002 Le Monde 

Le Monde 

December 5, 2002 

SECTION: Culture 

LENGTH: 19 words 

HEADLINE: Elements bibliographiques 

KEYWORD: LISTE, EDITION; ILLICH IVAN 

BODY: 
 
 La Convivialite, Seuil, 1973. 
 Nemesis medicale, Seuil, 1975. 
 Dans le miroir du passe, 
 Descartes et Cie, 1994.  
 Un inedit, La Perte des sens, et les oeuvres completes en deux volumes, a paraitre chez Fayard en 2003. 

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Copyright 2002 Le Monde 

Le Monde 

December 5, 2002 

SECTION: Culture 

LENGTH: 389 words 

HEADLINE: Conviviale est la societe ou l'homme controle l'outil 

KEYWORD: EXTRAIT, PHILOSOPHIE, SOCIOLOGIE; ILLICH IVAN 

BODY: 
 
 NOUS publions quelques fragments de la pensee d'Ivan Illich, extraits de La Convivialite, Le Seuil (collection Points ). 
 La liberte 
 Passe un certain seuil, l'outil, de serviteur, devient despote. Passe un certain seuil, la societe devient une ecole, un hopital, une prison. Alors commence le grand enfermement. Il importe de reperer precisement ou se trouve, pour chaque composante de l'equilibre global, ce seuil critique. Alors il sera possible d'articuler de facon nouvelle la triade millenaire de l'homme, de l'outil et de la societe. J'appelle societe conviviale une societe ou l'outil moderne est au service de la personne integree a la collectivite, et non au service d'un corps de specialistes. Conviviale est la societe ou l'homme controle l'outil.  
 L'ecole 
 La redefinition des processus d'acquisition du savoir en termes de scolarisation n'a pas seulement justifie l'ecole en lui donnant l'apparence de la necessite; elle a aussi cree une nouvelle sorte de pauvres, les non-scolarises, et une nouvelle sorte de segregation sociale, la discrimination de ceux qui manquent d'education par ceux qui sont fiers d'en avoir recu. L'individu scolarise sait exactement a quel niveau de la pyramide hierarchique du savoir il s'en est tenu, et il connait avec precision sa distance au pinacle. Une fois qu'il a accepte de se laisser definir d'apres son degre de savoir par une administration, il accepte sans broncher par la suite que des bureaucrates determinent son besoin de sante, que des technocrates definissent son manque de mobilite. Ainsi faconne a la mentalite du consommateur-usager, il ne peut plus voir la perversion des moyens en fins inherente a la structure meme de la production industrielle du necessaire comme du luxe. 
 La technologie 
 La solution de la crise exige une radicale volte-face: ce n'est qu'en renversant la structure profonde qui regle le rapport de l'homme a l'outil que nous pourrons nous donner des outils justes. L'outil juste repond a trois exigences: il est generateur d'efficience sans degrader l'autonomie personnelle, il ne suscite ni esclaves ni maitres, il elargit le rayon d'action personnel. L'homme a besoin d'un outil avec lequel travailler, non d'un outillage qui travaille a sa place. Il a besoin d'une technologie qui tire le meilleur parti de l'energie et de l'imagination personnelles, non d'une technologie qui l'asservisse et le programme. 
 La crise 
 Je distinguerai cinq menaces portees a la population de la planete par le developpement industriel avance: 
 1. La surcroissance menace le droit de l'homme a s'enraciner dans l' environnement avec lequel il a evolue. 
 2. L'industrialisation menace le droit de l'homme a l' autonomie dans l'action. 
 3. La surprogrammation de l'homme en vue de son nouvel environnement menace sa creativite. 
 4. La complexification des processus de production menace son droit a la parole, c'est-a- dire a la politique. 
 5. Le renforcement des mecanismes d'usure menace le droit de l'homme a sa tradition, son recours au precedent a travers le langage, le mythe et le rituel. 

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Copyright 2002 Liberation 

Liberation 

December 5, 2002 

SECTION: CULTURE; No.6706; Pg.35 

LENGTH: 708 words 

HEADLINE: 'Sa methode pedagogique etait de choquer';
Jean-Pierre Dupuy, editeur d'Ivan Illich decede lundi : 

BYLINE: FAVEREAU Eric 

BODY: 
 
 Ivan Illich est mort a 76 ans, lundi a Breme, en Allemagne (Liberation d'hier). Homme de toutes les cultures, pretre defroque, philosophe, penseur rebelle, il combattait, disait-il, toutes les certitudes. Auteur d'Une societe sans ecole, la Convivialite, Nemesis medicale, le Chomage createur, ou encore le Travail fantome, il etait a part. Et en France, depuis une dizaine d'annees, presque oublie. 
Jean-Pierre Dupuy, professeur de philosophie sociale et politique a l'Ecole Polytechnique et a l'universite de Standford, a ete l'editeur d'Ivan Illich en France. Auteur de Pour un catastrophisme eclaire, il parle de la disparition de son ami.  
En France, aujourd'hui ce philosophe rebelle, extremement lu et reconnu dans les annees 70, parait avoir totalement disparu de la sphere publique. 
En France oui, mais ni en Allemagne ni aux Etats-Unis, o sa pensee est extremement presente. Il y a plusieurs elements qui peuvent expliquer ce depart. D'abord, son absence a correspondu a un moment tres particulier de sa vie, o il etait atteint d'une tumeur au cerveau. Il avait refuse de se faire operer pour retirer cette protuberance qu'il avait sur son visage. C'etait en conformite avec sa pensee. C'est un des rares intellectuels a avoir toujours preserve cette conformite entre sa pensee et sa vie. Certes, mais pourquoi ne pas se faire operer ? 
Il exhibait des statistiques de ce type d'operation qui montrait que l'esperance en vie n'y gagnait en rien. Avait-il raison ? Dans son cas, il a vecu seize ou dix-sept ans avec son cancer. Ce n'est pas rien. Sa maladie etait pour lui une gene importante, avec une douleur continuelle. Quand on le rencontrait, il fallait s'y habituer. On discutait avec lui deux, trois heures, et toutes les demi-heures il allait prendre une decoction, d'origine azteque, disait-il, a base de morphine et d'autres herbes. Il souffrait, mais face a la douleur, il tenait. Il eprouvait toujours de la joie a parler et a discuter. Et puis, pendant ses vingt dernieres annees, il a continue a etre, comme il disait, un citoyen du monde, entre ses trois maisons, dont celle du Mexique pres de Cuernavaca. Ce lieu historique, o il avait cree, en 1971, le Cidoc (Centre international de documentation de Cuernavaca), un lieu specialise dans l'analyse critique de la societe industrielle. Le Cidoc s'est arrete en 1976, mais il a conserve sa maison. L'autre lieu etait a Breme, o il avait tant d'amis. Et son autre base, l'universite de Pennsylvanie, aux Etats-Unis. Aujourd'hui, que reste-t-il de cette pensee rebelle ? 
Le concept de contre-productivite. A partir d'un certain seuil, tout bascule. Chez Illich, il y a une notion fondamentale, c'est que, pour chacune des grandes valeurs (sante, mobilite, savoir), il y a deux manieres de faire. L'une est la maniere autonome - ainsi dans le domaine de la sante, ce serait de mener une vie hygienique. Alors que la maniere heteronome, c'est d'aller vers la medecine. Illich disait que l'heteronomie n'est pas mauvaise en soi, mais qu'a partir d'un seuil, on arrive a la contre-productivite. Au lieu d'ameliorer, on paralyse. Et le seuil est passe quand l'institution affirme avoir un monopole radical sur la valeur qu'elle est censee defendre. 
Cette notion de seuil, Illich l'a appliquee a l'ecole, a la medecine, au transport, etc. Resultat : on veut aller plus vite et on aboutit a l'immobilite. La medecine veut tout soigner et voila qu'elle rend malade. Les telecommunications se multiplient, elles nous rendent sourdes et muettes. Et ainsi de suite. Les systemes d'information nous privent de sens, l'alimentation nous rend malade, et l'ecole abrutit. Mais pourquoi cette pertinence n'est-elle plus visible ? 
Ivan Illich est peut-etre mal connu, mais des mots qu'il a utilises (convivialite ou contre-productivite) sont devenus ses mots. Ces mots, certes, existaient avant, mais c'est Illich qui leur a donne leur acceptation (lire ci-dessous). J'ajouterais qu'une autre raison de sa disparition publique reside dans son succes. Sa methode pedagogique etait de choquer. Ces idees sont devenues dans l'air du temps, et il y a eu un moment o elles ne choquaient plus. Ivan Illich est mort croyant, pretre... L'au-dela ? C'etait son jardin secret. 

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Copyright 2002 Liberation 

Liberation 

December 5, 2002 

SECTION: CULTURE; No.6706; Pg.35 

LENGTH: 172 words 

HEADLINE: Mots marquants 

BYLINE: AUFFRAY Alain 

BODY: 
 
 Oublie de presque tous, y compris de ceux qui avaient fait de sa Societe sans ecole (1971) leur livre de chevet, Ivan Illich reste bien vivant dans la langue. On lui doit l'usage contemporain du mot convivialite, titre d'un essai paru en 1973 : 'J'entends par convivialite l'inverse de la productivite industrielle, explique Illich dans ce texte qui a marque une generation de militants ecolos, proches des antimondialistes d'aujourd'hui.  Pour l'une de ses dernieres apparitions publiques, Illich etait en mars 2002 au cote de Jose Bove dans un colloque sur le developpement. Il fut, a la fin des annees 60, l'un des premiers a denoncer le productivisme et l'apologie de la consommation : 'La dictature du proletariat et la civilisation des loisirs sont deux variantes politiques de la meme domination.' La convivialite s'est installee dans la langue. Mais de maniere parfois ingrate : le concept militant sert aussi a designer la facilite d'emploi des outils informatiques : la machine serait devenue 'conviviale'. 

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Copyright 2002 CanWest Interactive, a division of
CanWest Global Communications Corp.
All Rights Reserved 

Montreal Gazette 

December 5, 2002 Thursday Final Edition 

SECTION: News; Pg. B15 

LENGTH: 667 words 

HEADLINE: Iconoclast Ivan Illich: Opposed mandatory public education. Decried for complex, verbose arguments, hailed for illuminating critiques of society 

SOURCE: New York Times 

BYLINE: DOUGLAS MARTIN 

DATELINE: NEW YORK 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a former Roman Catholic priest who, through a steady flow of books and articles, preached counterintuitive sociology to a disquieted baby-boom generation, died on Monday at his home in Bremen, Germany. He was 76. 
Celia Samerski, his student at the University of Bremen, said the specific causes of death was not known. She said he also had a home in Cuernavaca, Mexico.  
Illich was perhaps best known for his 1971 book De-Schooling Society, which protested against mandatory public education and the institutionalization of learning in schools. Along with works like Paul Goodman's Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized Society, published in 1960, it provided grist for a society's growing ambivalence about educational institutions and much else.
Illich was a priest who thought there were too many priests, a lifelong educator who argued for the end of schools and an intellectual sniper from a perch with a wide view.
He argued that hospitals cause more sickness than health; that people would save time if transportation were limited to bicycles, and that historians who rely on previously published material perpetuate falsehoods.
His intellectual ordnance of anarchist panache, hatred of bureaucracy, Jesuitic argumentation, deep reverence for the past and watered-down Marxism was applied to many targets, including gender relations. More often than not, his conclusions were startling: he thought life for women was better in pre-modern times.
Critics often picked holes in his complex, verbose arguments, but not a few hailed them as illuminating critiques of large problems. Anatole Broyard, writing in the New York Times in 1971, said his nitpicks were "like criticizing the grammar of someone who has just delivered a speech that gave us goose-pimples."
Illich was born on Sept. 4, 1926, in Vienna. He had two brothers, Micha, now living in New York, and Sascha, of Nantucket, Mass., both of whom survive him.
His father, a civil engineer, descended from Dalmatian royalty. His mother was a Sephardic Jew, and Ivan was expelled from a school in Vienna in 1941 because of her background. He went on to study in Florence, Rome and Salzburg, Germany, where he wrote his doctoral dissertation on historian Arnold Toynbee.
Illich came to the Washington Heights neighbourhood of Manhattan in 1952 after being ordained as a priest in Rome. He particularly attended to the needs of the Puerto Rican community, helping establish an employment agency, among other things. In an interview with the New Yorker magazine in 1970, Father John Connolly, one of his colleagues, called him "Mr. Puerto Rico, their Babe Ruth."
The article said that early in his career, the young priest began to criticize the church for "its smugness, its bureaucracy and its chauvinism." But his energy and intellect propelled him to the position of vice-rector of the Catholic University of Ponce in Puerto Rico. In 1960 he was forced out for opposing the local bishop's forbidding of Catholics to vote for a governor who advocated state-sponsored birth control.
After being recalled briefly to New York, Illich was assigned another foreign position, this time in Cuernavaca, a small town 80 kilometres from Mexico City, where he established the Intercultural Centre for Documentation to teach priests and laymen who wanted to become Latin American volunteers.
Illich's criticisms of church doctrine ranged beyond his advocacy of birth control. In 1969 he was branded "politically immoral" by the Vatican and left the priesthood.
Among other things, Illich disagreed with the church policy of increasing the number of priests in Latin America. He believed the church could be revived only by lay people, a populist view he later applied first to education and then to other institutions.
Illich relished surprise, and his ideas almost always did. "We must have a sarcastic readiness for all surprises," he said in the New Yorker, "including the ultimate surprise of death." 

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Copyright 2002 National Public Radio (R).  All rights reserved.  No quotes from the materials contained herein may be used in any media without attribution to National Public Radio.  This transcript may not be reproduced in whole or in part without prior written permission.  For further information, please contact NPR's Permissions Coordinator at (202) 513-2000.  

National Public Radio (NPR) 

SHOW: All Things Considered (8:00 PM ET) - NPR 

December 5, 2002 Thursday 

LENGTH: 593 words 

HEADLINE: E-mail from listeners 

ANCHORS: JACKI LYDEN; LYNN NEARY 

BODY: 
JACKI LYDEN, host:
From NPR News, this is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED.  I'm Jacki Lyden.
LYNN NEARY, host:
And I'm Lynn Neary.
It's Thursday, the day we reach into our e-mail bag and read from your comments to us.  Our interview about the case of Tabitha Pollock brought a rebuttal.  Pollock was convicted of first-degree murder for failing to prevent her boyfriend from killing her child.  Her conviction was overturned with the assistance of the Center for Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University's School of Law.  We spoke to the founder of the center.  
LYDEN: Terry Patton, the current state's attorney for Henry County, Illinois, the jurisdiction of the original trial, writes, 'I must say that I'm disappointed you'd air a program giving only one side of the story.  Whether or not you agree that parents can be held accountable for the murder of their children, it is still the law in Illinois.  All that has changed is the level of knowledge that parent must have.  Prosecutors do not make the law; we enforce it.  In Henry County, we will continue to enforce this law using whatever standard the Illinois Supreme Court sets.'
NEARY: Some listeners objected to Brooke Gladstone's report on the relationship of pornography and advances in technology.  Douglas Grodheis, who teaches philosophy at the Denver Seminary in Colorado, felt it was tasteless and inappropriate.  'I heard no critical comments from people such as myself who believe pornography to be anti-woman, anti-human and a potent element in the decay of American culture. Instead, listeners were obligated to endure an adolescent tone from the narrator, sickening comments from porn stars and porn magnates, and background music with orgasm sounds.'
LYDEN: Blaine Turner(ph) in Austin, Texas, disagrees.  'While I'm certainly glad my mother wasn't in the room at the time, I found the piece informative and even enlightening.  It is odd that most mainstream Americans publicly respond to the industry with revulsion, yet as your story showed, adult entertainment is an economic juggernaut that shows no signs of slowing down.'
NEARY: And John Bookser Feister, who edits a Web site called AmericanCatholic.org in Cincinnati, points out, 'If pornography leads in advancing new technology, then interestingly, religion must not be far behind. The Gutenberg Bible and the religious uproar that followed, for example, contributed greatly to the growth of printing in the 15th century.  In our own day, studies are showing that a large percentage of Internet use is for religious purposes.  What's the connection?  Both religion and pornography are attempts for the human person to find love. Pornography, of course, cannot deliver.  Either way, people are willing to endure the foibles of new technology because there's something out there that people really want.'
LYDEN: And Diana Muir(ph) of Newton, Massachusetts, wrote about hearing our obituary for philosopher Ivan Illich.  'While sitting in traffic on the Central Artery, I was reminded not of the books that your reporter focused on, but of the section in "Energy and Equity" in which Illich demonstrated that since highways induce people to drive longer distances and to drive to more destinations, it follows that the more highways a city builds, the more time its citizens will waste sitting in traffic.'
NEARY: If you want to reach us, whether or not you're in traffic, you can address your remarks to atc@npr.org.  Don't forget to let us know where you're writing from and how you pronounce your name.  

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December 5, 2002, Thursday, Late Edition - Final 

SECTION: Section B; Page 11; Column 3; Classified 

LENGTH: 55 words 

HEADLINE: Paid Notice: Deaths
ILLICH, IVAN 

BODY: 
ILLICH-Ivan. The family and friends of Ivan Illich mourn his death on December 2, 2002 in Bremen, Germany. He was admired for his intellectual acumen, dedication to his mission, commitment to friendship and loyalty to his family and friends. He will be truly missed. Service to be held in Bremen.   
http://www.nytimes.com 

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 Newsday (New York, NY) 

December 5, 2002 Thursday QUEENS EDITION 

SECTION: NEWS, Pg. A65 

LENGTH: 151 words 

HEADLINE: OBITUARIES;
Ivan Illich, Renowned Sociologist, Onetime NYC Clergyman 

BYLINE: THE ASSOCIATED PRESS 

BODY: 
Berlin - Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion, has died, a former university colleague said yesterday. He was 76.  
Illich - best known for his 1971 publication "De-Schooling Society" - died Monday in the German city of Bremen, where he had lectured in sociology for the past decade, said a professor at the university.
Illich was born in Vienna, Austria in 1926.  He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York City as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. 
Still, Illich increasingly rebelled against the church, which he viewed as too bureaucratic. He left the priesthood in 1969.
Details of funeral arrangements and survivors were not immediately available.  

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The Seattle Times 

December 5, 2002, Thursday Fourth Edition 

SECTION: ROP ZONE; News; Pg. A10; Et cetera 

LENGTH: 257 words 

HEADLINE: Et cetera 

BODY: 
* Thick clouds prevented space shuttle Endeavour from returning to Earth yesterday with the former residents of the international space station. 
* A Pennsylvania grand jury will investigate whether criminal wrongdoing was to blame for nine miners being trapped in the flooded Quecreek Mine for 77 hours in July.  
* CNN anchor Paula Zahn broke a bone in her leg while skiing over the weekend in Aspen, Colo.
Magne Furuholmen, part of the Norwegian pop group A-Ha, was given 14,000 kroner -- the equivalent of $1,920 -- by Norway's national railroad to decorate a tree for display outside the Oslo Central Station. Furuholmen saw the display as a reminder of the commercialism of Christmas. 
The tree and its cash decorations were hoisted up the facade of the station Sunday. Someone climbed a ladder before dawn yesterday and stripped everything but a few coins from the tree.
* In 1791, composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in Vienna, Austria, at age 35. 
* In 1933, national Prohibition came to an end as Utah became the 36th state to ratify the 21st Amendment to the Constitution, repealing the 18th Amendment. 
PASSAGES 
Ivan Illich, 76, a renowned sociologist, educator and priest who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion and was well known for his 1971 book "De-Schooling Society" died Monday in Bremen, Germany. 
Henry Chauncey, 97, the man credited with turning the SAT into an admission standard used by thousands of colleges and universities, died Tuesday in Shelburne, Vt.  

GRAPHIC: photo; Ivan Illich (0392652703) 

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December 5, 2002 Pg. 15 

LENGTH: 590 words 

HEADLINE: Letzte Fragen 

BODY: 

Wer sich mit den Institutionen anlegt, macht sich nicht beliebt. Gesundheitssystem, Bildungssystem, die katholische Kirche, Ivan Illich hat nichts ausgelassen, hat scharfsinnig analysiert und ironisch formuliert. Das verschaffte ihm weltweites Ansehen. Aendern koennen hat er nichts. Im Gegenteil, heute zeigt sich besonders in Deutschland, wie recht der Mann mit seinen Warnungen schon in den siebziger Jahren hatte: "Die Aerzteschaft ist zu einer ernsten Bedrohung der Gesundheit geworden" schrieb er, als das System noch boomte. Diagnostischen Imperialismus nannte Illich das Recht der Medizinbuerokratie, zu entscheiden, wer Autofahren oder der Arbeit fernbleiben darf, wer eingesperrt werden muss oder Soldat werden, wer Koch werden oder der Prostitution nachgehen darf. 
Tatsaechlich hat die Medizin bis heute kein schluessiges Menschenbild entwickelt. Sie kann zwar Auffaelligkeiten bis in die molekulare Basis zurueckverfolgen, aber weiss nicht zu sagen, was Gesundheit ist und was Krankheit. Kuerzlich hat mit dreissigjaehriger Verspaetung das British Medical Journal der Kritik von Illich an der Medikalisierung der Welt zugestimmt. "Die Medikalisierung des Todes verhindert das eigene Sterben", sagte Illich in dem letzten grossen Interview, dass er Ende Juli 2001 der TAZ-Autorin Gabriele Goettle gab. Er war bereits stark gezeichnet von einem eine Gesichtshaelfte ueberziehenden Tumor der Ohrspeicheldruese. Die Diagnose Parotis-Krebs ist ihm 1983 gestellt worden mit der Empfehlung des seinerzeit angesehensten Experten: Sofort operieren, mit einer Ueberlebenschance von dann fuenf Jahren. Illich hat auf seiner Autonomie beharrt, sich nicht operieren lassen und noch 19 Jahre gelebt. "Leben ist auch leiden . .. Leidenskunst bringt auch eine neue Kunst des Geniessens hervor", konnte er am Ende sagen, mit immer noch dersel-ben harschen Kritik am Definitionsmonopol der Aerzte dessen, was fuer den Men-schen gut ist. 
Ivan Illich, der am Dienstag in Bremen an Krebs starb, ist als Sohn eines katholischen Kroaten und einer evangelisch getauften juedischen Deutschen, 1926 in Wien geboren. Er sprach acht Sprachen, hatte das Studium der Geschichte, der Kristallographie, der Philosophie und der Theologie abgeschlossen. Eigentlich wollte sich Illich an der Universitaet Princeton habilitieren, geriet aber 1951 in New York mit eingewanderten Puertoricanern in Kontakt, erbarmte sich ihrer und wurde Armenpriester. 
Aufgrund dieser Erfahrungen gruendete Ivan Illich Ende der fuenfziger Jahre ein Zentrum fuer interkulturelle Kommunikation an der Universitaet von Santa Maria in Puerto Rico, aus dem das Centro intercultural de documentation in Cuernavaca (Mexiko) hervorging. Dabei kam er in immer groesseren Gegensatz zur Politik der katholischen Kirche - und wurde vor die Inquisition (Kongregation fuer die Glaubenslehre) in den Vatikan einbestellt. Die (streng geheimen) 85 Fragen, die man ihm dort stellte, veroeffentlichte Illich, womit er sich erst recht den Zorn der Kurie zuzog. Er verzichtete dann darauf, priesterliche Funktionen auszuueben. Als Gastprofessor arbeitete Illich fortan an Universitaeten in den USA, in Kassel, Marburg und Bremen. 
In Deutschland machten vier Buecher Ivan Illich in den siebziger Jahren bekannt: "Nemesis der Medizin", "Entschulung", "Selbstbegrenzung" und "Fortschrittsmythen". Auch seine Kritik am deutschen Bildungswesen ist noch aktuell: "In Schulen und Universitaeten werden die meisten Mittel darauf verwendet, die Zeit und die Motivation einer begrenzten Zahl von Leuten zu kaufen, um sie vorab festgelegt Probleme in einem rituell bestimmten Rahmen aufgreifen zu lassen", kritisierte Illich. "Menschen, die auf das richtige Mass heruntergeschult worden sind, gehen unkalkulierbaren Erlebnissen aus dem Weg. Fuer sie wird, was sich nicht messen laesst, zweitrangig und bedrohlich. Sie brauchen ihrer schoepferischen Kraft nicht mehr beraubt zu werden." 
Die jetzt aufgeflammte Diskussion ueber die Sozialsysteme hatte Ivan Illich bereits 1975 vorausgeahnt: Der Faehigkeit zur Selbstbestimmung stehen die von uns selbst geschaffenen Institutionen und die immer groesser werdende Schar von Spezialisten und Experten im Wege, die den Menschen entmuendigen. Wie es aussieht, werden die Institutionen sich die Macht nicht nehmen lassen. MARTIN URBAN 

GRAPHIC: Ivan Illich im Jahr 1977 - Foto: Archiv  GERMANY (57%); EUROPE (57%);  

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December 5, 2002 

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LENGTH: 589 words 

HEADLINE: Bis zuletzt ein unbeugsamer Radikaler 

BYLINE: Von Stefan Howald 

BODY: 
 
 Der juengst verstorbene Ivan Illich praktizierte seine Institutionskritik auch am eigenen Leib. 
 Ivan Illich ist in der westlichen Oeffentlichkeit mit den 1970er-Jahren verbunden. Da publizierte er vier Buecher, die provokativ eine Debatte vorantrieben: "Entschulung der Gesellschaft", "Selbstbegrenzung", "Die Nemesis der Medizin" und "Fortschrittsmythen". Gegen den technologischen Groessenwahn und den institutionellen Zwang plaedierte er fuer eine Oekologie neuer Werte. Besonders in Schule und Gesundheitswesen dienten seine Buecher zur radikalen Kritik ebenso wie als Grundlage fuer Reformversuche. Doch die Konzentration auf diese Epoche ist eine Sichtweise, die Illich selber als eurozentrisch verworfen haette. Gleich wichtig waren ihm seine Erfahrungen in den 1950er -Jahren als Armenpriester in den USA und in den 60er-Jahren als Dozent in Lateinamerika.  
 Ivan Illich wurde 1926 in Wien geboren. Nach Jesuitenschule und Studium in Florenz, dann Rom, wurde er 1950 zum Priester geweiht. Ein weiterfuehrendes Geschichtsstudium in den USA brach er 1951 ab, um seelsorgerisch in einem puertoricanischen Quartier in New York taetig zu werden. Zum Vizekanzler der katholischen Hochschule Santa Maria in Puerto Rico berufen, gruendete er Zentren fuer interdisziplinaere und interkulturelle Studien in Puerto Rico und Mexiko; in Konflikt mit Vatikan und Kirchenhierarchie geraten, legte er 1969 nach der Eroeffnung eines Verfahrens gegen ihn das Priesteramt nieder. Solche lebenspraktischen Erfahrungen verbanden sich mit einer umfassenden klassischen Bildung und einer grossen Sprachbegabung. Illich las elf Sprachen und schrieb auf Englisch, Deutsch und Spanisch. In seinen Erfolgsbuechern der 70er-Jahre fuehrte er Themen der Institutionskritik und der Oekologiebewegung zusammen. Gegen zentralistische, technokratische, industrielle Konzepte lenkte er das Augenmerk auf lokale, selbstverantwortliche, basisdemokratische Traditionen. In den folgenden Sammelbaenden, etwa "Schattenarbeit", verband er eine Analyse von Taetigkeiten jenseits der Lohnarbeit und der westlichen Industrialisierung mit der Aufwertung volkstuemlicher Werte. Zugleich versuchte er eine Geschichte der Beduerfnisse zu schreiben, die sich gegen das Prinzip der Warenfoermigkeit aller Dinge und Beziehungen wandte. Jederzeit zog er die originelle Einsicht, den unerwarteten Gedanken, die eklektische Verbindung der systematischen Geschlossenheit vor. 
 Dann, 1983, wurde Illich mit einer Krebsdiagnose konfrontiert, und die Aerzte gestanden ihm noch hoechstens fuenf Jahre zu. Aber so wie er sich theoretisch gegen die entmuendigende medizinische Diagnostik ausgesprochen hatte, so entwickelte er einen eigenen persoenlichen Umgang mit Krankheit und Schmerz. Zwar zog er sich aus der breiteren Oeffentlichkeit zurueck und gab praktisch keine Interviews mehr. Aber er arbeitete weiter, kontemplativ, im Kreis von Freunden. 
 Gegen Gentechnologie, fuer Drogen 
 Um den Schmerz zu bekaempfen, nahm er Opium - und schaltete sich sogleich in die Debatte um die Freigabe von Drogen ein. Die Analyse wurde gleichzeitig Selbststudium. Bis zum Schluss war er aktiv gegen Gentechnologie und Bioethik taetig. 
 "Leben ist auch leiden, altern, sterben", hat Illich in einem seiner seltenen Interviews vor einem Jahr gesagt. Jetzt hat ihn der Tod im Alter von 76 Jahren ereilt. Unser Gesundheitswesen aber frisst sich als Krebs durch die Gesellschaft, und im Bildungssystem wird auf Pisa-Studien mit noch mehr Technologie geantwortet. 
 Ivan Illich.  

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The Times (London) 

December 5, 2002, Thursday 

SECTION: Features; 37 

LENGTH: 1336 words 

HEADLINE:  Ivan Illich 

BODY: 
 
 Ivan Illich, anti-institutional writer, was born on September 24, 1926. He died on December 2, 2002, aged 76. 
 Radical thinker who believed that schools were bad for pupils but who retreated into thought at the expense of action 
 Ivan Illich was one of the most radical thinkers of the late 20th century. In the 1970s, from his think-tank in Mexico, he had a major impact on international readers, especially the young, through his radically anti-technocratic, anti-institutional arguments on health, education, transport and energy. Deschooling Society (1971) argued that school rendered people unlearned, and Medical Nemesis: The Appropriation of Health (1975) argued that health professionals were endangering patients' wellbeing.  
 In one sense, Illich was a sociologist and political scientist; he held a part-time post under these scholastic rubrics at Fordham University, New York, from 1968. But he was acutely wary of enrolment in any political movement, and he abandoned the term "philosopher" on his passport after an Arab threw himself at his feet, transfixed by the description. 
 Finally, he opted for the term "historian". Yet the only past era that won his prolonged attention was medieval Eur-ope, largely through its literature, which he believed, like his fellow dreamer G. K. Chesterton, was the key to wisdom. 
 Illich dreamt of a society of freedom, equality and fraternity, but he was not a realistic planner towards these goals, and he gradually retreated into thought rather than action - though a close circle of friends did take on his mantle. On the rare occasions that he visited Britain he was keener to engage with university professors than to travel around investigating real social conditions. 
 Ivan Illich was born in Vienna. His father was a Roman Catholic Croatian landowner, his mother a Sephardic Jew. His grandfather raised him in Vienna. Later he gained fluency in 14 languages; yet he often stated that he had no mother tongue. Nazism forced his family to leave Austria and he ended his schooling in Florence. 
 At Florence University he researched histology and crystallography, pursuing wider interests in psychology and art history. He went to Rome in 1943 and began to study as a priest at the Gregorian University, the Vatican's agency for higher education. Illich also obtained a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg. 
 In 1951 he was assigned to pastoral work in New York with Puerto Ricans, to whom he became passionately committed. In 1956 he moved on, as Vice- Rector, to Puerto Rico's Catholic University, where he acquired an active hostility to a "Yankee" model of religion applied to Hispanic society. That led to a running feud with the Catholic hierarchy, especially when he attacked a bishop who issued an interdict against voting for a pro-birth control candidate in an election for governor; after that clash he was recalled to New York in 1960. In 1959, aged 33, he was made a Monsignor, one of the youngest in the world at the time. 
 He set off on a 3,000-mile trip by horse and foot across South America from Santiago to Caracas, seeking out a new arena for work. In Colombia, he managed to stop the distribution of milk powder in famine areas by missionaries, who were aiming, as he saw it, to win extra leverage by giving the powder to Christians only. This hasty action led directly, he later admitted, to the death of a dozen children, and it was to haunt him in the following years. 
 In 1961 he set up the Intercultural Centre for Documentation in Mexico City, which sought to accumulate information that could be used by people and leaders alike, rather as Mass Observation did in Britain, and which offered crash courses in what later came to be called "de-Yankification" for would-be missionaries to Latin America. Later it evolved as an outlet for radical thinking on Latin American issues and key Western socio-cultural problems. Its classes centred on dynamic group therapy to excise culturally imperialist assumptions. Time magazine noted of his style with students: "He yells at them and lectures them, plays and prays with them, insults them and drinks with them." 
 Catholic priests and laymen often came to the centre. But Illich ran into further trouble with the Church when he regularly rejected many of those who had enrolled as being unfit for an anti-American overhaul. Right-wing Catholic groups in Mexico came to see him as a bete noire. 
 In June 1968 he was called to Rome for a heresy-hunting interview on his beliefs and views. Although it did not in the end convict him, in January 1969 the Vatican banned attendance by priests at the centre. He leaked the details of the investigation to The New York Times; he had been accused of a role in the Archbishop of Guatemala's kidnap. Two months later he voluntarily gave up the priesthood, retaining a commitment to celibacy. 
 In the centre's role as a think-tank a key preoccupation was education. Deschooling Society, Illich's most famous book, came out in 1971 and introduced his name to a wider, global audience. Convinced that the West's education system was collapsing through bureaucracy, numbers and the cult of professionalism, he argued against diplomas, certificates and the institutionalisation of learning. "Inquiries into a man's learning history," he said, "should be taboo." 
 Indeed, he wanted computer networks to link givers and receivers of knowledge and ready outlets for those who wished to attack received ideas within the educational nexus. It was the inefficiency of standard structures that appalled him. He held that an adult could absorb the contents of 12 years' schooling in one or two years. 
 Other books flowed from his pen through the 1970s, often after intense think tank sessions. Tools for Conviviality (1973) widened the scope of his technocratic targets to include television (for numbing conversation) and cars (for choking cities). Energy and Equity (1974) set out the pro-bicycle case, though Illich was often accused of hypocrisy for travelling by jet. He was in demand across the world at lectures and seminars, where he applied a coruscating Socratic technique to unsettle academic assumptions. 
 Medical Nemesis: The Appropriation of Health (1975) argued that the health professionals had become an active menace to their patients, and he popularised the word "iatrogenesis" to describe a disease induced by doctors. His remedy was that patients, with products in their own hands made available by the medical sector, treated themselves. The Right to Useful Unemployment and its Professional Enemies (1975) took the attack on to other specialist priesthoods claiming a monopoly of knowledge in their fields. He later applied the model to industrial designers and salesmen. 
 His books became progressively less alert to practical issues, more absorbed in intellectual history, probing popular attitudes and assumptions over time. They included ABC: The Alphabetisation of the Popular Mind (1988) and In the Vineyard of the Text (1993), which reflected a new focus on medieval literature.
 The Intercultural Centre for Documentation closed down in 1976 but alternative outlets emerged in German universities, where he was highly popular. He held visiting professorships at Kassel, Oldenburg and Marburg. 
 His attacks on professions, neatly paradoxical as they were, often failed to make direct contact with life on the ground in mass society. His acute intelligence was not in doubt, however; on one occasion, he picked up a fluent knowledge of modern Greek in a day from a hotel gardener. 
 But his realism was debatable. Most of his later life was spent in a mud hut - aristocratically aloof, austere, absorbed but happy, just outside Mexico City. This gave him a very odd perspective on the real problems of the urban industrial West. 
 He was also a visiting professor at Penn State University and taught in Bremen, where he died having suffered for some time from cancer. 

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December 5, 2002 Thursday Final Edition 

SECTION: News; Pg. B18 

LENGTH: 794 words 

HEADLINE: Experts of any sort drew the wrath of former priest: Sociologist's two most influential books reflected author's dislike of education and medical profession 

SOURCE: The Daily Telegraph 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, the sociologist and former priest who died on Monday aged 76, was a resolute opponent of institutionalization; his controversial views on education, society, the law, medicine, and over-consumption brought him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church and "experts" in almost every discipline.
Experts were, in fact, precisely the target of Illich's wrath, especially in his two most influential books, Deschooling Society (1971) and Medical Nemesis (1975). The hideously titled Celebration of Awareness took a dim view of progress. Gender (1982) pointed out that drains were not an unqualified benefit to the Third World's women. "Tap water put an end to her carrying the jugs to and fro, but also to her meeting friends at the well." 
Illich argued that schools undermined the genuine purpose of education, that the legal system heightened, rather than resolved, people's grievances, that doctors and scientists had set themselves up as a new, secular priesthood, and that the Church had become enmeshed in bureaucracy. Statements such as "All over the world the school has an anti-educational effect on society" and "The medical establishment has become a major threat to health" were typical examples of his provocative stance.
But while other figures who shared many of Illich's preoccupations, such as the psychiatrist Thomas Szasz, gained support for their views by promulgating them through political channels, Illich resolutely refused to appear on television and seldom spoke to journalists. Although he continued to publish, his work had less and less influence after the mid-1970s.
Though he anticipated many of the concerns of the ecological movement, his religious radicalism made him an uncomfortable ally. He opposed travel above bicycle speed, yet spent much of his life jet-setting from conference to conference.
Illich (whose name was sometimes spelled Ilic) was born Sept. 4, 1926 in Vienna, the son of a Catholic Croatian landowner and civil engineer and a mother from a Sephardic Jewish family which had originated in Spain but long since settled around Heidelberg. His maternal grandmother was a Texan. In 1941 his mother's Jewish background led to the family's expulsion from Austria. He completed his secondary education in Florence, at the Liceo Scientifico Leonardo da Vinci, before attending the University of Florence. 
Illich decided to study for the priesthood and in 1943 travelled to Rome, where he enrolled in the Gregorian University. After graduating in 1946, he embarked on a licentiate in theology, which concentrated on the basis of religious motivation in the work of Romano Guardini. Simultaneously, he took a doctorate from the University of Salzburg on Arnold Toynbee and the difficulty of historical knowledge.
After ordination in 1951, Illich seemed set for a career as a nuncio or canon lawyer, but instead requested a move to the Archdiocese of New York, where he worked at Washington Heights, in a parish serving the large Puerto Rican population then arriving in Manhattan. His enthusiasm for the souls in his care led Illich to accept a job as vice-rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico in 1956. He spent four years travelling widely through Latin America, studying immigration and alienating many of the local clergy by complaining of their readiness to impose American values on their congregations. He returned to New York in 1960, becoming a research assistant to the president of Fordham University, and set up the Center of Intercultural Formation, which soon became the Centro Intercultural deDocumentacion (CIDOC), based in Mexico.
This mixture of language school, think tank, publishing house and informal seminary that attracted many young priests. After he criticized the church in the Jesuit-run journal America, Illich's funding was withdrawn, and in 1968, he severed CIDOC's ties with the church. In January the next year, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith prohibited priests from visiting the centre, and in March 1969, Illich abandoned his titles and benefits (though not his vow of celibacy or obligation to say his office).
Illich continued to lecture at Fordham. He became Professor of humanities and sciences at Pennsylvania State University in 1986. From 1991, he lectured in sociology at Bremen University.
The six-foot-three Illich could appear a stern, forbidding character, which he put down to "growing up in five languages, but without a mother tongue."
Illich's other publications included Tools for Conviviality; Energy and Equity (both 1973); The Right to Useful Employment; Towards a History of Needs (both 1979); Shadow-Work (1981); ABC: The Alphabetization of the Popular Mind (1988); and In the Vineyard of the Text (1993).  

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Copyright 2002 Agence France Presse 

Agence France Presse 

December 4, 2002 Wednesday 

SECTION: International News 

LENGTH: 322 words 

HEADLINE: Ivan Illich, noted sociologist and priest, dies aged 76 

DATELINE: PARIS, Dec 4 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, an Austrian-born priest who built a reputation in the 1970s for challenging accepted sociological theories, died this week in his home in Bremen, Germany, his French editor, Fayard, said. He was 76. 
The company did not specify the cause of death, which occurred Monday, but said the Illich had long been fighting cancer.  
"He was a big thinker, a man who was a cultural phenomenon," his editor at Fayard, Henri Trubert, said. 
Fayard is to publish a posthumous work of Illich's at the end of this year, along with two volumes of his early writings. 
Perhaps Illich's best-known treatise was his 1971 book "De-Schooling Society", an argument against compulsory schooling that established his fame as brilliant thinker not afraid to take pot-shots at complacent institutions and generally accepted principles. 
Many other books and articles on education and a variety of other subjects followed, all of them seeking to shake up received knowledge and make the reader pause and pry into the constructs that shape society. 
Born in Vienna on September 24, 1926 to a Russian Jewish family, Illich went on to study theology and philosophy in Rome. 
In 1950 he moved to New York after being ordained a priest, and developed a special interest for that city's Puerto Rican community. 
In the mid-1960s he founded a centre in Cuernavaca, in Mexico, to forward "critical analysis of industrial society", and in 1968 he took leave of the church to concentrate on expounding his theories, travelling the world, and practicing the dozen languages he spoke. 
He taught -- mostly subjects dealing with thought in the Middle Ages -- in Germany, Japan, India and in the United States and became vice-rector of the Catholic university of Puerto Rico. 
Active despite the illness of his later years, he continued to share his time between his home in Germany and another he had in Mexico. 
ccd/rmb/cml 
Germany-Illich 

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The Associated Press 

The materials in the AP file were compiled by The Associated Press.  These materials may not be republished without the express written consent of The Associated Press.  

December 4, 2002, Wednesday, BC cycle 

SECTION: International News 

LENGTH: 304 words 

HEADLINE: Sociologist Ivan Illich, a former Catholic priest, dies at 76 

DATELINE: BERLIN 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion, has died, a former university colleague said Wednesday. He was 76.  
Illich - best known for his 1971 publication "De-Schooling Society" - died Monday in the northern German city of Bremen, where he had lectured in sociology for the past decade, said Johannes Beck, a professor at the university. He did not give the cause of death. 
Illich was born in Vienna, Austria in 1926. He was forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, and went to Italy. There, he studied in Florence and at Rome's Gregorian University before returning to Austria and obtaining a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg. 
He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York City as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. 
Still, Illich increasingly rebelled against the church, which he viewed as too bureaucratic. He left the priesthood in 1969, during a period in which he produced his best-known works. 
Reflecting his discomfort with organized religion, Illich argued that school made people dumb, and the legal system, rather than providing people with solutions, heightened their frustration. 
"This was of course somewhat exaggerated," said Beck. "Illich was a provocateur, someone who sought controversy." 
Illich argued that even science was being strangled by institutionalization. 
"Science had for him simply usurped the church, and scientists represented nothing other than a secularized priesthood," Beck said. 
Details of funeral arrangements and survivors were not immediately available.  

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The Associated Press 

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December 4, 2002, Wednesday, BC cycle 

SECTION: Domestic News 

LENGTH: 1187 words 

HEADLINE: Elizabeth Bullock Andrews 

DATELINE: BIRMINGHAM, Ala.  

BODY: 
Elizabeth Bullock Andrews, the only woman elected to Congress from Alabama, died Tuesday. She was 92. 
Andrews won her House seat in a 1972 special election after the death of her husband George W. Andrews, who held the seat for nearly 28 years. She ran unopposed, served nine months and chose not to run for re-election.  
Two other Alabama women - Maryon Pittman Allen and Dixie Bibb Graves - were appointed to seats in the Senate. 
Andrews initially rejected her nomination to fill the seat, then said she would run "if that is what the people of the Third District wanted." 

Henry Chauncey
SHELBURNE, Vt. (AP) - Henry Chauncey, the man credited with turning the SAT into an admission standard used by thousands of colleges and universities, died Tuesday. He was 97. 
Chauncey founded the Educational Testing Service to administer the SAT out of a belief that access to the nation's colleges should be decided through merit, rather than through family connections. 
A former assistant dean at Harvard University, Chauncey started Princeton, N.J.-based ETS in 1947 and served as its president until 1970. He also was a director of the New York-based College Board, the organization that sponsors the SAT. 
During his tenure with ETS, higher education embraced standardized tests as a determining factor in the college admissions process. The SAT was taken by 1.3 million college-bound high school seniors in 2001. 
Chauncey and ETS were also responsible for the Graduate Management Admissions Test and other exams used around the world. 

Gloria Howes
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) - Gloria Howes, who spent 51 years in public service, including as a teacher and as one of the most powerful women in the Legislature, died Tuesday after suffering a fall at her home. She was 72. 
Howes was a schoolteacher on the Navajo reservation and school administrator for the Gallup-McKinley County Schools who won a seat on the McKinley County Commission and became county manager. 
She then won a seat in the state Senate and led efforts to close drive-up liquor windows. She also championed local communities' rights to impose teenage curfews. 
As chairwoman of the powerful Senate Rules Committee, her duties included recommending whether to confirm gubernatorial appointments and voting on constitutional amendments. 
She also had served on the Education, Public Affairs, Judiciary, and Corporations and Transportation committees. 
When Howes retired from the Legislature, she said she had devoted 51 years to public service. 

Ivan Illich
BERLIN (AP) - Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion, died Monday. He was 76. No cause of death was given. 
Illich was best known for his 1971 publication "De-Schooling Society." 
Illich was born in Vienna, Austria in 1926. He was forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, and went to Italy. There, he studied in Florence and Rome, before returning to Austria and obtaining a Ph.D. 
He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York City as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico. 
Still, Illich increasingly rebelled against the church, which he viewed as too bureaucratic. He left the priesthood in 1969, during a period in which he produced his best-known works. 
Reflecting his discomfort with organized religion, Illich argued that school made people dumb, and the legal system, rather than providing people with solutions, heightened their frustration. 
Illich argued that even science was being strangled by institutionalization. 

Theresa Miller
LITTLETON, Colo. (AP) - Theresa Miller, a Columbine High School teacher who ran through the hallways warning people during the 1999 massacre there, died Monday of colon cancer. She was 44. 
Miller taught for 20 years in the Jefferson County School District. She was head of Columbine's science department for the last two years and was its Teacher of the Year in 2001. 
The diagnosis came a few months after two students attacked the school on April 20, 1999, setting off explosives and killing 12 students and a teacher before killing themselves. 
Miller, who was on hall duty at the time, extinguished a fire started by a pipe bomb, led dozens of students to safety and stayed with fellow teacher Dave Sanders as he bled to death from gunshot wounds. 
The next day, President Clinton noted Miller's heroism in an address to the nation. 
Besides her teaching, she volunteered in elementary schools, putting on science workshops and demonstrations, as well as working for the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and YMCA. 

Edgar Scherick
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Film and television producer Edgar Scherick, who helped bring "Peyton Place" to the small screen and collaborated with Woody Allen on his 1969 film, "Take the Money and Run," died Monday of leukemia. He was 78. 
Scherick entered the Army in 1943, serving most of his three-year stint running a weather station in Iceland. After World War II, he worked at an advertising agency. 
In 1956, Scherick took a job at CBS as a sports specialist. He left the next year to form Sports Programs Inc., which eventually introduced "Wide World of Sports" to TV viewers. 
Scherick became vice president in charge of ABC's programming in 1963, two years after Sports Programs Inc. merged with the network. He helped bring "Batman," "The FBI," "Bewitched," "The Hollywood Palace" and "Peyton Place," the first prime-time soap opera to ABC. 
He later formed Palomar Pictures and turned to producing. 
His feature film credits include "The Stepford Wives," "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" "Sleuth," "Shoot the Moon" and "Mrs. Soffel." 
Scherick received several Academy Awards nominations, and won both an Oscar and an Emmy for the documentary, "He Makes Me Feel Like Dancing," in 1983. 

Donald S. Taylor
BETHLEHEM, Pa. (AP) - Donald S. Taylor, the former publisher of The Press of Atlantic City and past president of the Pennsylvania Newspaper Publishers Association, died Friday. He was 71. 
In the 22 years he presided over The Press, Taylor helped to double the newspaper's Sunday circulation and raise weekday subscriptions by almost 30,000. 
He initiated and supervised the construction of a new printing plant and newsroom in Pleasantville, and implemented computerized typesetting there while overseeing the expansion of the paper to four editions in as many southern New Jersey counties. 
Until his 1986 retirement, Taylor was chairman of ABARTA Inc. The Pittsburgh-based holding company owns The South Jersey Publishing Co., which publishes The Press, and, until its 1991 sale, The Bethlehem Globe-Times. 
Taylor was president of South Jersey Publishing from 1964 until 1986. 
Taylor is survived by his son, his wife, a daughter, his former wife, a sister, three stepchildren, five grandchildren, and five step-grandchildren.  

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Associated Press Online 

December 4, 2002 Wednesday 

SECTION: INTERNATIONAL NEWS 

LENGTH: 302 words 

HEADLINE: Sociologist Ivan Illich Dies at 76 

DATELINE: BERLIN 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion, has died, a former university colleague said Wednesday. He was 76.  
Illich - best known for his 1971 publication "De-Schooling Society" - died Monday in the northern German city of Bremen, where he had lectured in sociology for the past decade, said Johannes Beck, a professor at the university. He did not give the cause of death.
Illich was born in Vienna, Austria in 1926. He was forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, and went to Italy. There, he studied in Florence and at Rome's Gregorian University before returning to Austria and obtaining a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg.
He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York City as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico.
Still, Illich increasingly rebelled against the church, which he viewed as too bureaucratic. He left the priesthood in 1969, during a period in which he produced his best-known works.
Reflecting his discomfort with organized religion, Illich argued that school made people dumb, and the legal system, rather than providing people with solutions, heightened their frustration.
"This was of course somewhat exaggerated," said Beck. "Illich was a provocateur, someone who sought controversy."
Illich argued that even science was being strangled by institutionalization.
"Science had for him simply usurped the church, and scientists represented nothing other than a secularized priesthood," Beck said.
Details of funeral arrangements and survivors were not immediately available.  

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Associated Press Online 

December 4, 2002 Wednesday 

SECTION: DOMESTIC NEWS 

LENGTH: 1170 words 

HEADLINE: Obituaries in the News 

BYLINE: Elizabeth Bullock Andrews 

DATELINE: BIRMINGHAM, Ala.  

BODY: 
Elizabeth Bullock Andrews, the only woman elected to Congress from Alabama, died Tuesday. She was 92.
Andrews won her House seat in a 1972 special election after the death of her husband George W. Andrews, who held the seat for nearly 28 years. She ran unopposed, served nine months and chose not to run for re-election.  
Two other Alabama women - Maryon Pittman Allen and Dixie Bibb Graves - were appointed to seats in the Senate.
Andrews initially rejected her nomination to fill the seat, then said she would run "if that is what the people of the Third District wanted."
Henry Chauncey
SHELBURNE, Vt. (AP) Henry Chauncey, the man credited with turning the SAT into an admission standard used by thousands of colleges and universities, died Tuesday. He was 97.
Chauncey founded the Educational Testing Service to administer the SAT out of a belief that access to the nation's colleges should be decided through merit, rather than through family connections.
A former assistant dean at Harvard University, Chauncey started Princeton, N.J.-based ETS in 1947 and served as its president until 1970. He also was a director of the New York-based College Board, the organization that sponsors the SAT.
During his tenure with ETS, higher education embraced standardized tests as a determining factor in the college admissions process. The SAT was taken by 1.3 million college-bound high school seniors in 2001.
Chauncey and ETS were also responsible for the Graduate Management Admissions Test and other exams used around the world.
Gloria Howes
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) Gloria Howes, who spent 51 years in public service, including as a teacher and as one of the most powerful women in the Legislature, died Tuesday after suffering a fall at her home. She was 72.
Howes was a schoolteacher on the Navajo reservation and school administrator for the Gallup-McKinley County Schools who won a seat on the McKinley County Commission and became county manager.
She then won a seat in the state Senate and led efforts to close drive-up liquor windows. She also championed local communities' rights to impose teenage curfews.
As chairwoman of the powerful Senate Rules Committee, her duties included recommending whether to confirm gubernatorial appointments and voting on constitutional amendments.
She also had served on the Education, Public Affairs, Judiciary, and Corporations and Transportation committees.
When Howes retired from the Legislature, she said she had devoted 51 years to public service.
Ivan Illich
BERLIN (AP) Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion, died Monday. He was 76. No cause of death was given.
Illich was best known for his 1971 publication "De-Schooling Society."
Illich was born in Vienna, Austria in 1926. He was forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, and went to Italy. There, he studied in Florence and Rome, before returning to Austria and obtaining a Ph.D.
He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York City as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico.
Still, Illich increasingly rebelled against the church, which he viewed as too bureaucratic. He left the priesthood in 1969, during a period in which he produced his best-known works.
Reflecting his discomfort with organized religion, Illich argued that school made people dumb, and the legal system, rather than providing people with solutions, heightened their frustration.
Illich argued that even science was being strangled by institutionalization.
Theresa Miller
LITTLETON, Colo. (AP) Theresa Miller, a Columbine High School teacher who ran through the hallways warning people during the 1999 massacre there, died Monday of colon cancer. She was 44.
Miller taught for 20 years in the Jefferson County School District. She was head of Columbine's science department for the last two years and was its Teacher of the Year in 2001.
The diagnosis came a few months after two students attacked the school on April 20, 1999, setting off explosives and killing 12 students and a teacher before killing themselves.
Miller, who was on hall duty at the time, extinguished a fire started by a pipe bomb, led dozens of students to safety and stayed with fellow teacher Dave Sanders as he bled to death from gunshot wounds.
The next day, President Clinton noted Miller's heroism in an address to the nation.
Besides her teaching, she volunteered in elementary schools, putting on science workshops and demonstrations, as well as working for the Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and YMCA.
Edgar Scherick
LOS ANGELES (AP) Film and television producer Edgar Scherick, who helped bring "Peyton Place" to the small screen and collaborated with Woody Allen on his 1969 film, "Take the Money and Run," died Monday of leukemia. He was 78.
Scherick entered the Army in 1943, serving most of his three-year stint running a weather station in Iceland. After World War II, he worked at an advertising agency.
In 1956, Scherick took a job at CBS as a sports specialist. He left the next year to form Sports Programs Inc., which eventually introduced "Wide World of Sports" to TV viewers.
Scherick became vice president in charge of ABC's programming in 1963, two years after Sports Programs Inc. merged with the network. He helped bring "Batman," "The FBI," "Bewitched," "The Hollywood Palace" and "Peyton Place," the first prime-time soap opera to ABC.
He later formed Palomar Pictures and turned to producing.
His feature film credits include "The Stepford Wives," "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" "Sleuth," "Shoot the Moon" and "Mrs. Soffel."
Scherick received several Academy Awards nominations, and won both an Oscar and an Emmy for the documentary, "He Makes Me Feel Like Dancing," in 1983.
Donald S. Taylor
BETHLEHEM, Pa. (AP) Donald S. Taylor, the former publisher of The Press of Atlantic City and past president of the Pennsylvania Newspaper Publishers Association, died Friday. He was 71.
In the 22 years he presided over The Press, Taylor helped to double the newspaper's Sunday circulation and raise weekday subscriptions by almost 30,000.
He initiated and supervised the construction of a new printing plant and newsroom in Pleasantville, and implemented computerized typesetting there while overseeing the expansion of the paper to four editions in as many southern New Jersey counties.
Until his 1986 retirement, Taylor was chairman of ABARTA Inc. The Pittsburgh-based holding company owns The South Jersey Publishing Co., which publishes The Press, and, until its 1991 sale, The Bethlehem Globe-Times.
Taylor was president of South Jersey Publishing from 1964 until 1986.
Taylor is survived by his son, his wife, a daughter, his former wife, a sister, three stepchildren, five grandchildren, and five step-grandchildren.  

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Associated Press Worldstream 

December 4, 2002 Wednesday 

SECTION: INTERNATIONAL NEWS 

DISTRIBUTION: Europe; Britian; Scandinavia; Middle East; Africa; India; Asia; England 

LENGTH: 297 words 

HEADLINE: Sociologist Ivan Illich, a former Catholic priest, dies at 76 

DATELINE: BERLIN 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a renowned sociologist who protested against the institutionalization of learning and religion, has died, a former university colleague said Wednesday. He was 76.  
Illich - best known for his 1971 publication "De-Schooling Society" - died Monday in the northern German city of Bremen, where he had lectured in sociology for the past decade, said Johannes Beck, a professor at the university. He did not give the cause of death.
Illich was born in Vienna, Austria in 1926. He was forced to leave school in 1941 under Nazi race laws because of his mother's Jewish ancestry, and studied in Florence and at Rome's Gregorian University before obtaining a doctorate in history from the University of Salzburg.
He entered the Roman Catholic priesthood and, from 1951 to 1956, served in New York City as an assistant pastor, championing the cause of Puerto Rican immigrants. From 1956 until 1960, he was the deputy rector of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico.
Still, Illich increasingly rebelled against the church, which he viewed as too bureaucratic, and he left the priesthood in 1969, during a period in which he produced his best-known works.
Reflecting his discomfort with organized religion, Illich argued that school made people dumb, and the legal system, rather than providing people with solutions, heightened their frustration.
"This was of course somewhat exaggerated," said Beck. "Illich was a provocateur, someone who sought controversy."
Illich argued that even science was being strangled by institutionalization.
"Science had for him simply usurped the church, and scientists represented nothing other than a secularized priesthood", Beck said.
Details of funeral arrangements and survivors were not immediately available.
(amm-gm-swg)< 

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De Financieel-Economische Tijd 

December 4, 2002, Wednesday 

SECTION: Pg. 32 

LENGTH: 592 words 

HEADLINE: BEDIENDEN ALCATEL GAAN AKKOORD MET CAO 

BYLINE: Trans 

BODY: 
 
Na de arbeiders hebben ook de bedienden van de telecomgroep Alcatel een CAO getekend. De CAO voorziet in een brugpensioenregeling en een premie voor hen die niet met brugpensioen kunnen. Afgevaardigde Eric Schiets van de socialistische bediendenvakbond stelt dat het BBTK het akkoord niet heeft goedgekeurd. We vinden de premies voor de mensen onder de 50 jaar veel te laag. Maar het belangrijkste bezwaar is een principiele zaak: volgens het akkoord wordt de opzegperiode voor de bedienden verminderd. En dat is, volgens het BBTK, een slecht signaal voor de toekomst, zegt Schiets. Omdat beide andere vakbonden, het christelijke ACV en het liberale ACLVB, het akkoord hebben ondertekend, is de CAO wel van kracht. Volgens Schiets moet het dossier brugpensioen nog worden goedgekeurd door het ministerie van Arbeid. Bij Alcatel moeten in het totaal 1.073 banen verdwijnen, 383 arbeiders en 690 bedienden.  
C-Power wil 60 windturbines op Thorntonbank 
ZEEBRUGGE (belga) - C-Power, het bedrijf dat eerder al vijftig windturbines wilde plaatsen op zes kilometer voor het strand van De Haan, heeft een nieuwe domeinconcessie aangevraagd bij de federale staatssecretaris voor Energiebeleid, Olivier Deleuze (Ecolo). Ditmaal wil C-Power zestig windturbines met elk een vermogen van 3,6 MegaWatt bouwen op de Thorntonbank. Die zandbank ligt 27 kilometer in zee voor de kust van Zeebrugge. De nieuwe locatie zou minder tegenwind krijgen uit de hoek van de zeevisserij en het toerisme. Het park kan jaarlijks tussen de 200.000 en 300.000 gezinnen van stroom voorzien. 
Zaakwaarneming bij Casterman 
NAMEN (belga) - De Waalse minister van Economie, Serge Kubla, denkt aan een zaakwaarneming gedurende enkele maanden bij de drukkerij Casterman. Kubla wil zo het hoofd bieden aan de onzekerheid rond de overname van de drukkerij. Bij een zaakwaarneming worden de belangen van het bedrijf door derden behartigd. De risicos verbonden aan deze oplossing zouden voor de helft door het Waals Gewest en voor de andere helft door het curatorschap worden gedragen. Dat werd bekend na afloop van een bijeenkomst van Kubla met de verschillende actoren in het dossier. In de periode van de zaakwaarneming kan een ondernemingsplan worden uitgewerkt en moeten investeerders worden gevonden. Donderdagavond is er een nieuwe bijeenkomst op het kabinet van de minister. Volgens Kubla moeten de noodzakelijke maatregelen voor het overleven van Casterman voor het eind van de week worden getroffen. 
Cultuurfilosoof Ivan Illich overleden 
BREMEN (belga) - De socioloog en cultuurfilosoof Ivan Illich (76) is in Bremen overleden. Illich is vooral bekend om zijn scherpe analyse van de instellingen van de industriele samenleving, in het bijzonder het onderwijs. Hij leed al enige tijd aan kanker. De geinstitutionaliseerde medische verzorging is een belangrijke bedreiging geworden voor onze gezondheid. Zo begint een van Illichs belangrijkste werken, Medical Nemesis, uit 1975. Illich zag de zorgsector als een industrie. Ook inzake onderwijs was de kritiek van Illich onversneden: hij trok openlijk in twijfel of scholen in industriele samenlevingen wel in staat zijn hun studenten adequaat te onderrichten. 
Producentenprijzen eurozone plus 0,2 procent 
(tijd) - De industriele producentenprijzen in de eurozone en in de Europese Unie stegen in oktober met 0,2 procent. In september stegen de producentenprijzen in beide zones met 0,3 procent. Jaar-op-jaar stegen de producentenprijzen in oktober met 0,9 procent in de eurozone en met 0,7 procent in de EU.  

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De Standaard 

December 4, 2002 

EDITION: Nationaal 

SECTION: Frontpagina; Pg. 1 

LENGTH: 225 words 

BODY: 
 
'BIN LADEN KOOS ZELF KLEINE BROGEL' Osama Bin Laden zelf koos de luchtmachtbasis van Kleine Brogel uit als doelwit voor een aanslag. Dat blijkt uit een verklaring van Nizar Trabelsi, die werd voorgelezen tijdens het proces in Rotterdam waar vier fundamentalisten terechtstaan.  Trabelsi bekende dat hij een aanslag wou plegen op de Navo-basis. (BINNENLAND/2) 
DENEMARKEN LAAT ZAKAJEV VRIJ De Tsjetsjeense vice-premier in ballingschap, Achmed Zakajev, is sinds gisteren weer op vrije voet. De toppoliticus werd eind oktober met een Belgisch visum in Denemarken opgepakt, omdat Rusland hem van terrorisme beschuldigde en om zijn uitlevering gevraagd had. (BUITENLAND/7) 
SOCIOLOOG IVAN ILLICH GESTORVEN De 76-jarige socioloog en cultuurfilosoof Ivan Illich is overleden. Illich leed al enige tijd aan kanker. Hij is vooral bekend om zijn scherpe analyse van de instellingen van de industriele samenleving. Illich zag de zorgsector als een industrie. Van scholen trok hij openlijk in twijfel of ze in industriele samenlevingen wel in staat zijn hun studenten goed te onderrichten. (CULTUUR/11) 
RECORDOVERNAME DOOR UCB-CHEMIE Met de overname van een deel van de Amerikaanse chemiegroep Solutia doet het Belgische farma- en chemiebedrijf UCB een onverwachte stap. Het gaat om de grootste overname in de geschiedenis van UCB. (ECONOMIE/20) 

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Global News Wire

 Copyright 2002 EFE News Services (U.S.) Inc 

EFE News Service 

December 4, 2002 

LENGTH: 1318 words 

HEADLINE: NEWS SUMMARY EFE NEWS ROUND-UP FOR TUESDAY, DEC. 3 

BYLINE: comparison, Brazil's trade surplus was just $ 1.78 billion 

BODY: 

Venez. opposition extends strike, calls supporters to the streets 
Caracas (EFE).- The Venezuelan opposition extended its ongoing general strike to Wednesday and its leaders insisted upon the need for the public to take to the streets to protest the government of President Hugo Chavez. 
"The civic stoppage continues as an active stoppage, and we call the people to the streets to protest in a peaceful manner," said Venezuelan Workers Confederation (CTV) president Carlos Ortega on Tuesday. 
Ortega called opposition groups and members to hold rallies all across the country starting Wednesday at 11 a.m. (1500 GMT) to demand that the government "guarantee (to hold) a referendum" on whether Chavez should continue in power. 
Venezuelan strike appears less effective in second day 
Caracas (EFE).- The Venezuelan opposition's general strike appeared to dwindle in its second day Tuesday, raising doubts about prospects for achieving its aim of ousting President Hugo Chavez.  
Meanwhile, security forces used tear gas on two occasions to break up groups of those demanding Chavez's resignation. 
The National Guard dispersed a rally in Caracas's Chuao square sponsored by the Democratic Coordinator in an attempt to revive the faltering strike. 
The Democratic Coordinator had urged all government opponents to demonstrate in the downtown square, which is the traditional site for middle-class protests. 
Colin Powell arrives in Bogota 
Bogota (EFE).- U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell arrived Tuesday evening in Bogota on an official visit scheduled to last less than 24 hours. 
The plane carrying Powell landed at the military airport and the secretary of state was received by U.S. Ambassador to Colombia Anne Patterson and protocol officials from Colombia's Foreign Ministry. 
Powell arrived in the Colombian capital amid extensive security measures in place both on land and in the skies overhead. 
Bolivia asks coca growers to help keep peace 
La Paz (EFE).- The government of Bolivia is appealing to the nation's powerful and militant peasant coca leaf growers to help maintain the climate of social peace prevailing in the Andean nation in recent months. 
The appeal was made by the office of President Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada following his meeting with coca farmers leader Evo Morales last Monday in the city of Cochabamba. Morales came in second in this year's presidential election, which was forced into a runoff. 
The president and Morales began meetings on Sept. 13, one month after Sanchez de Lozada took office. Since then the coca farmers from the central Bolivian region of Chapare have stopped their protests. 
In Monday's meeting, Sanchez de Lozada proposed a study on legal uses for coca, the raw material to make cocaine, and to modify existing legislation in order to offer farmers more land to grow the crop. 
Nearly 800,000 Brazilian young trade calluses for calculators 
Brasilia (EFE).- Nearly 800,000 Brazilian minors who as recently as six years ago labored at back-breaking, dangerous jobs are now enrolled in school, Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso said Tuesday. 
"These boys and girls have traded in the tools of grueling manual labor for those of education and knowledge," the sociologist turned president said in his weekly radio program. 
The youngsters are beneficiaries of the "Child Labor Eradication Program," which the government implemented in 1996. The program awards stipends to families with children performing punishing and dangerous jobs once they register them in school. 
Despite a drop in the number of minors employed in this sort of work, nearly 3.2 million youths continue to labor under insalubrious conditions, official figures reveal. Before the program kicked in, close to 4 million young people, in a nation of about 170 million, were engaged in such jobs. 
Brazil's trade surplus balloons to $ 11.32 billion 
Brasilia (EFE).- Brazil's trade surplus grew to $ 11.32 billion during the first 11 months of 2002, up nearly 535 percent compared to the same period last year, according to the Development, Industry and Trade Ministry. 
Officials said Monday that exports totaled $ 55.11 billion and imports came in at $ 43.79 billion during the January-November period. after the first 11 months of 2001, the result of exports valued at $ 53.87 billion and imports of $ 52.09 billion. 
Police, government supporters clash with protestors in Haiti 
Port-au-Prince (EFE).- The Haitian opposition called a general strike for Wednesday, amid violent confrontations between government supporters and anti-government protesters in several cities, which left at least a dozen people injured. 
At a press conference here Tuesday, opposition leaders called for a general strike, vowing to continue the protests until President Jean Bertrand Aristide is ousted. 
Meanwhile, serious confrontations broke out between Aristide supporters flanked by police and protestors in the capital, the northern coastal city of Cap-Haitien, the southeastern port of Jacmel and Petit-Goave, located about 60 kilometers (40 miles) west of Port-au-Prince. 
The violent protests nearly paralyzed all commercial activity in the capital and throughout the country's major cities Tuesday. 
Spanish beach cleanup continues amid hopes winds will avert 
Madrid (EFE).- Fuel from the sunken tanker Prestige continued to wash ashore on Spain's northwestern coast covering its beaches with a thick, black sticky mass, while weather forecasters predicted that favorable winds would blow the slick away from the coast over the next several days. 
On Tuesday - 20 days after the environmental disaster began - hundreds of soldiers, fishermen, hired workers and volunteers continued toiling to clean up the clots of fuel from Galician beaches along Spain's northwestern coast using machines and sponges. 
So far, Spanish, French, German, Dutch, British, Belgian, Danish, Norwegian and Italian ships that are working together to clean up the spill have mopped up some 7,000 tons of the fuel slick. 
Environmental Minister Jaume Matas said in La Coru a that the weather forecast for the next several days calls for winds to blow the slick further out to sea away from the Galician coast. 
Ivan Illich, pioneer of Liberation Theology, dies at 76 
Berlin (EFE).- Historian and philosopher Ivan Illich, a pioneer of Liberation Theology, died Tuesday in the northern German city of Bremen. He was 76. 
Illich, best known for his book "Deschooling Society" and his work with Mexican rebels in the 1960s and 1970s, pursued broad academic interests before focusing on the social sciences. 
His most influential work came in the 1960s, following the creation of the Centro Intercultural de Documentacion (CIDOC) in Cuernavaca, Mexico, - which many say was a hotbed for Latin America's leftist guerrillas - where Illich published works criticizing the Kennedy administration's Alliance for Progress. 
His attacks against the Church led to a confrontation with the Vatican that ended in Illich's resignation from the priesthood, although he maintained he would not violate his celibacy vow. 
Iraq pledges to hand over complete list of weapons 
Baghdad (EFE).- The inspection of one of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein's palaces on Tuesday marked the first real challenges U.N. inspectors have presented to Baghdad, which has pledged to hand over a complete list of its weapons by this weekend's deadline. 
Hours after weapons inspectors made an unannounced visit to Hussein's Sojound palace in the capital, a high-ranking Iraqi official announced that Baghdad would release a detailed inventory of its weaponry on Saturday, ahead of the U.N. deadline. 
The inventory, however, will not list any weapons of mass destruction, because Iraq has none, said Gen. Hosam Mohamed Amin, the official in charge of coordinating the inspections.  

JOURNAL-CODE: WEFE 

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El Mundo 

December 4, 2002 

SECTION: OPINION; Pg. 6; Col. 5 

LENGTH: 875 words 

HEADLINE: OBITUARIO. IVAN ILLICH.
Un humanista contra el poder.  

BYLINE: EDUARDO SUAREZ 

HIGHLIGHT: 
Obituario de Ivan Illich. Pensador 

BODY: 
 
 La vida de Ivan Illich resume como muy pocas la realidad politica del siglo XX. Inspirador de la teologia de la liberacion y de la escuela popular latinoamericana, Ivan Illich vivio siempre al filo de la navaja entre sus firmes convicciones criticas y su deber de obediencia como sacerdote. Carismatico, apasionado, utopico, este judio centroeuropeo despotrico durante medio siglo contra esa perversa religion planetaria que utilizaba la promesa del desarrollo como coartada para perpetrar los mayores atropellos.Plasmo sus ideas heterodoxas en diversos tratados que abarcan materias tan dispares como la medicina, la alquimia o la historiografia y fundo instituciones academicas que proporcionaron cimientos ideologicos a la lucha revolucionaria de los 60.
 Vastago discolo de la Iglesia catolica -a la que comparo en una ocasion con la Ford Motor Company por sus burdas pretensiones de universalidad-, Illich termino sus dias apartado del sacerdocio y dedicado en cuerpo y alma a una incansable tarea critica.  
 Nacido en Viena en 1926, la genetica inmunizo a Ivan Illich contra la xenofobia. Su madre era una judia alemana convertida al protestantismo y su padre, un ingeniero natural de la Croacia catolica. El parto fue complicado y el nino sobrevivio milagrosamente a pesar de los sombrios augurios de medicos y comadronas.
 Con apenas 12 anos, vivio la entrada en Viena de las tropas nazis y sufrio la humillacion de ser marcado por las autoridades como medio judio, lo que habria dado con sus huesos en los campos de exterminio nazis. Pero a los 15 anos logra escapar a Italia.Alli se matricula en la licenciatura de Ciencias Naturales con el mero objetivo de conseguir una credencial de estudiante que le aleje de la persecucion fascista. Pero lo que empezo como una mera triquinuela para salvar el pellejo fue el inicio de una de las carreras academicas mas apabullantes del siglo XX.Illich logro hablar con fluidez ocho idiomas y se licencio en Quimica, en Fisica, en Historia, en Teologia y en Filosofia.Su tesis doctoral verso sobre la obra del historiador britanico Arnold Toynbee.
 Con este impresionante curriculum a las espaldas -y recien ordenado sacerdote en Roma-, no quiso oir los pontificios cantos de sirena que le tentaban con una fulgurante carrera como diplomatico y se adentro en la fascinante obra sobre alquimia del protocientifico medieval San Alberto Magno.
 El rastro de su investigacion le llevo a EEUU, a la Universidad de Princeton, donde descansa uno de los mayores archivos sobre la obra del pensador medieval. La segunda vida de Ivan Illich comenzo alli, en Nueva York, el dia de su llegada. Paseando por los suburbios puertorriquenos decidio abandonar la magia de la alquimia medieval por la brega cotidiana en una parroquia asolada por la inmigracion.
 El trabajo parroquial propicio su llegada en 1956 a San Juan de Puerto Rico y el nombramiento como vicerrector de la Universidad de Santa Maria de Ponce. Antes de ser expulsado de la isla por su creciente actividad subversiva, puso en marcha el Centro de Formacion Intelectual (CFI), un precoz intento de levantar el dialogo intercultural educando a misioneros estadounidenses en el respeto a las culturas indigenas latinoamericanas.
 Los anos 60 veran el esplendor del Cidoc (el Centro Intercultural de Documentacion), que no es sino la prolongacion del fenecido CFI y que persevera en esa misma labor educadora. A la sombra de los jacarandas, junto a los tulipanes que rodeaban la sede del centro en Cuernavaca (Mexico), intelectuales de la talla de Erich Fromm o Paulo Freire fabricaron un solido fermento critico del que se alimento la intelectualidad insurgente latinoamericana.Victima de una no deseada esclerotizacion y de una preocupante falta de ingresos, el Cidoc se cerro a mediados de los 70. A partir de ese momento, el inquieto Illich escribio tratados demoledores sobre distintos aspectos del desarrollo.
 En La sociedad desescolarizada propuso abolir las relaciones de poder latentes en la escuela tradicional, considerada por Illich un calco que estaba destinado a perpetuar en las generaciones futuras las injusticias de la sociedad capitalista. "Los colegios son a la infancia lo que los psiquiatricos a la demencia", decia.Propugnaba una escuela popular donde los ninos no sufrieran la tirania de un programa previo y pudieran acceder con libertad a los recursos educativos.
 Casi tan influyente fue Nemesis medica, un libro que escandalizo en los 70 a los fosiles de la jerarquia academica por sus feroces criticas al sistema sanitario ("la mayor amenaza para la salud es la medicina moderna") y que criticaba el estrecho concepto de salud que se habia ido imponiendo en esta sociedad actual que vive de espaldas al dolor, que idea tratamientos lesivos y medicaliza hasta el rincon mas apartado de la vida intima.Hoy es obra de cabecera para cualquier aspirante a medico.
 La labor de Illich no paso inadvertida a los ojos de El Vaticano.A finales de los 60 decidio dejar de ejercer su ministerio. "Rechace mis privilegios y cualquier deber dentro del sistema liturgico".Y nunca abandono su celibato.
 Ivan Illich, pensador, nacio en Viena el 4 de septiembre de 1926 y fallecio en Bremen el 3 de diciembre de 2002.

GRAPHIC: Caption: EL MUNDO

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LENGTH: 792 words 

HEADLINE: Der Chorherr des Wissens 

HIGHLIGHT: 
Zum Tod von Ivan Illich 

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 Ivan Illich wurde 1926 in Wien geboren. Sein Vater, ein Gutsbesitzer und Zivilingenieur, war katholischer Kroate, seine Mutter lutherische Juedin mit spanischen und amerikanischen Vorfahren. Er machte in Florenz 1942 Abitur, studierte danach an der Gregoriana in Rom, wurde 1951 in Salzburg mit einer Arbeit ueber Toynbee promoviert und begann seine geistliche Laufbahn in der Erzdioezese New York. Von dort ging er nach Puerto Rico, wurde amerikanischer Staatsbuerger, bildete katholische Entwicklungshelfer aus, gruendet in Cuernavaca ein Institut fuer interkulturelle Ausbildung (auch von Guerrillakaempfern), ueberwarf sich mit der Kirche, gab sein Priesteramt auf, nicht aber Breviergebet und Zoelibat, wurde Universitaetsdozent in New York, Kassel, Berkeley, Marburg und schliesslich 1986 Professor an der Pennsylvania State University. Auch in aeusserster Verkuerzung gibt dieser lange, gewundene Weg einen Eindruck von der geistigen Unruhe eines Mannes, der physiognomisch wie die Gelassenheit selbst wirkte. 
 Der ungewoehnliche Erfolg seiner Buecher beruhte auf einer aehnlichen Mischung von gewagten Thesen und der weisen Attituede, mit der sie vorgetragen wurden. Die Titel hatten immer etwas Prognostisches: Wenn Illich ueber die "Entschulung der Gesellschaft" (1971) schrieb, dann konnte man sich darauf verlassen, dass die ihn antreibende Unruhe bald auf andere uebertragen wuerde. Damals trat er fuer eine radikale Trennung von Staat und Erziehung ein. Dass das Buch trotz seiner grossen Resonanz die neue Reglementierung durch Reformen nicht aufhalten konnte, hing auch mit dem Bildungsoptimismus eines Mannes zusammen, fuer den Lernen ein befreiender Akt war, der keinesfalls buerokratisch eingeengt werden durfte.  
 Aehnlich erging es ihm mit seinen Streitschriften gegen die Medizin (Die Nemesis der Medizin, 1977), die Energiewirtschaft (Die Laehmung der Gesellschaft, 1974), die Diktatur der Fachleute (Entmuendigung durch Experten, 1979) und die Feministinnen (Genus, 1983). Wie konnte sich einer in so vielen Bereichen so weitreichende Interventionen zutrauen? Seine Argumente gegen die Experten konnten ihn selbst auf die Dauer nicht verschonen. Er verwandelte sich wiederum in den Priester, als der er begonnen hatte. Diese Wahrnehmung wurde der Eigenart seines Predigens freilich nicht gerecht. Ivan Illich war von Erkenntnisfreude beseelt, er hatte sich die Naivitaet der selbstgewonnenen Einsicht bewahrt. Er war deswegen ohne Fanatismus und Rechthaberei, so radikal seine Thesen auch sein mochten. Vor allem aber war er ein hoeflicher, fast kulanter Mann, der die provozierenden Thesen seinen Lesern und Zuhoerern wie Leckereien anbot. 
 Man wird im Rueckblick an Filme und Erzaehlungen der Nachkriegszeit ueber Arbeiterpriester und Geistliche erinnert, die sich unter die einfachen Leute mischten, um unaufdringlich und ohne Hintergedanken ihre Botschaft in Umlauf zu setzen. Jede Routine fehlte, ausser einer Leidenschaft der Mitteilung und des Zuhoerens. Vielleicht ist es der Charakterzug einer aus sehr komplizierten biographischen Bedingungen gewachsenen Naivitaet, der rueckblickend am staerksten hervortritt. Illich war den Experten in jeder Hinsicht gewachsen, er beherrschte ihr Metier, aber ihm ging es um etwas anderes als Einfluss oder gar Macht. Ihn reizte es, Menschen zu gewinnen fuer das, was sich ihm selbst als Einsicht erschlossen hatte. 
 So verkoerperte Ivan Illich einen neuen Philosophentypus. Es ist wohl kein Zufall, dass die publizistische Wirksamkeit diese Aspiration nicht befriedigen konnte. Seinem Temperament naeher waren Institute wie das Internationale Dokumentationszentrum Cidoc in Cuernavaca, in dem sich politische Radikalitaet mit kulturkritischem Engagement verband: Die Verbesserung der Lebensverhaeltnisse in Lateinamerika sollte hier nicht nur gedacht, sondern gelebt werden. Es ist leicht zu sehen, dass sich eine gewisse Kuenstlichkeit eines solchen Aktes vorgreifender Realisierung nicht vermeiden liess. Jeder Versuch dieser Art steht vor dem Dilemma, entweder im Gelingen zu erstarren oder immer wieder unter den Druck neuer Ideen gebracht zu werden. Vor allem wurde die Gruendergestalt uebermaechtig, und das Prestige, welches das Institut als Experiment genoss, drohte auf Kosten seines konkreten Gelingens zu gehen. 
 Um Ivan Illich war es in den vergangenen Jahren stiller geworden. Zuletzt erschienen Buecher mit nicht weniger ausgreifenden Themen wie ehedem, die aber kaum mehr den revolutionaeren Gestus verrieten: so sein Buch von 1992 ueber das Schriftbild der Moderne. Hier sprach nun ganz ein Mensch mittelalterlicher Praegung, ein Lesender, ein Chorherr. Er ist vorgestern im Alter von sechsundsiebzig Jahren in Bremen gestorben. 
 HENNING RITTER 

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December 4, 2002 

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HEADLINE: Ivan Illich 

BYLINE: Clemence BOULOUQUE 

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 Le penseur Ivan Illich est decede hier, a l'age de soixante-seize ans, des suites d'un cancer. C'est a Breme qu'il s'est eteint, ultime sejour de ce globe-trotter anticonformiste. Gourou de toute une generation, figure de proue de la contestation des annees 70, il a dresse une vigoureuse critique de l'education, de la medecine ainsi que de la modernite industrielle. Pourfendeur de l'ordre etabli et des certitudes, l'homme ignorait les appartenances nationales et intellectuelles, comme en temoigne son parcours.  
Ne en 1926, a Vienne, dans une famille juive d'origine russe, il fait des etudes de theologie a Rome ; ordonne pretre a vingt-cinq ans, coqueluche des cardinaux, il decide d'exercer son ministere a New York, au sein des bidonvilles de la communaute portoricaine. C'est alors qu'il part a la decouverte de l'Amerique du Sud et qu'il fonde, en 1963, le Centre international de documentation de Cuernacava (Cidoc), au Mexique, centre de reflexion sur la modernite et la societe industrielle. Le Nouvel Observateur et Esprit se font en France l'echo et le relais de ses recherches, honnies par les milieux conservateurs. Une attitude qui derange le Vatican, toutefois oblige de composer avec cet agitateur, dont le charisme attire les religieux idealistes. Dans le contexte tumultueux de 1968, Rome le rappelle a l'ordre, mais Illich fait la sourde oreille, et, l'annee suivante, quitte la pretrise. C'est desormais la contestation et l'enseignement qui seront sa religion. Un credo original et personnel, puisant dans le marxisme, la psychanalyse et un brin d'esoterisme. 
Detruisant tour a tour l'education et toute forme d'institution dans Une societe sans ecole (Seuil, 1971), puis la medecine dans Nemesis medicale (Seuil, 1975), Illich peut egalement etre considere comme un precurseur de l'antimondialisation. Sa critique du developpement dans La Convivialite (1973, Seuil) et Liberer l'avenir (1972, Seuil) repose sur une defiance envers le progres, une fois que celui-ci se perd dans les exces consumeristes et perd de vue l'humain, devenant alors le ' mal en soi '. C'est dans cet esprit qu'il a participe au colloque sur l'apres-developpement organise par l'Unesco en fevrier dernier. Car, selon Illich, l'homme doit etre toujours attentif a ne pas perdre la maitrise de sa vie par la faute de desirs prometheens. A Promethee, qui veut faire plier le monde sous la volonte et la technique, il oppose le frere du heros, Epimethee dont le nom signifie ' celui qui regarde en arriere ' et meprise la demesure. 
Dote d'une culture phenomenale, parlant une dizaine de langues, poursuivant ses travaux de medieviste et enseignant a l'universite en Allemagne, aux Etats-Unis, au Japon, en Inde, au Mexique et a Porto Rico, le penseur avait pourtant lui aussi des aspirations extremes. ' Esperer en la generosite de la nature ' etait son adage, lui qui refusait la ' destruction des espaces de liberte par l'enrichissement, aussi bien distribue soit-il '. Visionnaire ou utopiste revenu au gout du jour ? L'oeuvre d'Ivan Illich sera republiee a la fin de 2003 chez Fayard, ainsi qu'un inedit, La Perte des sens.  

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Liberation 

December 4, 2002 

SECTION: CULTURE; No.6705; Pg.33 

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HEADLINE: Mort du penseur Ivan Illich 

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 Ivan Illich, pretre philosophe specialiste de la medecine et de l'education, est mort a Breme (Allemagne) a 76 ans d'un cancer. Naturalise americain, auteur d'Une societe sans ecole, H20, la Convivialite, Nemesis medicale, le Chomage createur, le Travail fantome, le Genre vernaculaire, Illich, ne a Vienne (Autriche) de parents juifs russes, etudia la theologie a Rome.  
En 1950, il arrive a New York comme pretre, puis fonde dans les annees 60 le Centre international de documentation de Cuernavaca au Mexique, creuset des reflexions qui le feront connaitre en 70, via le Nouvel Observateur et Esprit. Chantre de la contre-culture, defendant des positions fondees sur la sociologie et l'economie politique, il n'a jamais fait l'objet de blame de sa hierarchie catholique. Parlant dix langues, Ivan Illich etait aussi connu pour ses travaux de medieviste et comme enseignant en Allemagne, au Japon, en Inde et aux Etats-unis. Ces derniers temps, il partageait sa vie entre l'Allemagne et le Mexique. Fayard publiera de lui la Perte de sens, inedit, en 2003. 

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National Public Radio (NPR) 

SHOW: All Things Considered (9:00 PM ET) - NPR 

December 4, 2002 Wednesday 

LENGTH: 606 words 

HEADLINE: Carl Mitchum discusses the life and works of Ivan Illich following his death at the age of 76 

ANCHORS: JACKI LYDEN 

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JACKI LYDEN, host:
Ivan Illich, a former Catholic priest and champion iconoclast, has died in Germany.  He was 76.  Illich's writings challenged mandatory schooling, even though he was an educator, and the Catholic Church, even though he'd been a priest.  In the process of his questioning, he helped remake the sociological map for the baby boom generation.  At one time a worldwide intellectual tour de force, Illich's ideas were much less in vogue in the decades before his death.  Carl Mitchum is professor at the Colorado School of the Mines, who's written about Illich's sociological theories and his turbulent relationship with the Catholic Church.
Professor CARL MITCHUM (Colorado School of the Mines): He was a radical social critic who, because of his fundamentally radical Christian commitments, saw the Catholic Church as not living up to its own ideals, and felt like he had to try to call it to account.  I would compare Ivan Illich, in some ways, with Dorothy Day, who was one of the founders of the Catholic worker movement. She was a loyal member of the Catholic Church, but she felt like that in many instances, the church wasn't living up to its own Gospel ideals and, therefore, had to criticize it.  
LYDEN: But Illich didn't just talk about the failings of the church in society.  He talked about many sociological phenomenon has having failed the populous, whether it was science or a more secular notion of education.  He said it often made people dumb.  And he came to say that hospitals created more sickness than they did health.  His ideas seemed to bleed over into becoming provocative almost for the sake of being provocative.
Prof. MITCHUM: But I think that's really a misreading of Illich to say that he was just a radical provocateur for the purposes of being a provocateur, that he really identified something which he called 'counterproductivity.' Oftentimes in many areas of our lives, we pursue something to the point where it becomes counterproductive; it doesn't get us what we're after.  But because we're so committed to the pursuit of this--which, at one point, was effective--we failed to be able to step back and take a critical look at what we're doing.  And he saw this operative in many different social institutions. And I think in a lot of areas, we now almost take some of his insights for granted.
LYDEN: Did you ever meet him?
Prof. MITCHUM: Yes.  I've known Illich for 15 years.
LYDEN: And what sort of a person was he?  You've undoubtedly had conversations.
Prof. MITCHUM: Well-educated, multilingual, in some sense, autodidact. He loved to have conversations around a dinner table; a little pasta, a candle, good friends, talking.  But the conversation would be going on simultaneously in German, in French, in English and in Spanish.  And he would be trying to translate for people who were missing things in other languages and yet carrying on the conversation, sort of like a maestro, almost like a music conductor.  And at the same time, pushing everybody to think harder, to think more deeply about what they were saying.  It was a remarkable experience.
LYDEN: Did he feel, in any sense, Mr. Mitchum, at the end of his life that history had passed him by?
Prof. MITCHUM: Yes.  I think that at the end of his life, he was completely ready to die because he realized that his historical role had been completed.
LYDEN: Well, thank you very much for speaking with us, Mr. Mitchum.
Prof. MITCHUM: Thank you.
LYDEN: Carl Mitchum is co-editor of the book "The Challenges of Ivan Illich: A Collective Reflection." He spoke to us from Golden, Colorado.  

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Copyright 2002 The New York Times Company 

The New York Times 

December 4, 2002, Wednesday, Late Edition - Final 

NAME: Ivan Illich 

SECTION: Section A; Page 29; Column 4; National Desk 

LENGTH: 901 words 

BYLINE:  By DOUGLAS MARTIN 

BODY: 
Ivan Illich, a onetime Roman Catholic priest who, through a steady flow of books and articles preached counterintuitive sociology to a disquieted baby-boom generation, died on Monday at his home in Bremen, Germany. He was 76.
Celia Samerski, a student of his at the University of Bremen, said the specific cause of death was not known. She said he also had a home in Cuernavaca, Mexico.  
 Mr. Illich was perhaps best known for his 1971 book, "De-Schooling Society," which protested mandatory public education and the institutionalization of learning. Along with works like Paul Goodman's, "Growing Up Absurd: Problems of Youth in the Organized Society," published in 1960, it provided grist for a society's growing ambivalence about educational institutions and much else.
Mr. Illich was a priest who thought there were too many priests, a lifelong educator who argued for the end of schools and an intellectual sniper from a perch with a wide view. He argued that hospitals cause more sickness than health, that people would save time if transportation were limited to bicycles and that historians who rely on previously published material perpetuate falsehoods.
His intellectual ordnance of anarchist panache, hatred of bureaucracy, Jesuitic argumentation, deep reverence for the past and watered-down Marxism, was applied to many targets, including relations between the sexes. More often than not, his conclusions were startling: he thought life was better for women in pre-modern times.
Critics often picked holes in his complex, verbose arguments, but not a few hailed them as illuminating critiques of large problems. Anatole Broyard, writing in The New York Times in 1971, said that his nitpicks were "like criticizing the grammar of someone who has just delivered a speech that gave us goose pimples."
But after his 1970's heyday, interest in Mr. Illich's ideas appeared to wane. Speaking invitations declined, and even some that still came dripped with nostalgia: Mayor Jerry Brown of Oakland, who was called Governor Moonbeam when he was governor of California and consorted with out-of-the-box thinkers like R. Buckminster Fuller and Mr. Illich, invited him to a conference in 2000.
By 1989, Mr. Broyard wrote in an article about winnowing books from his library that he would "especially" discard Mr. Illich's works.
Mr. Illich was born on Sept. 4, 1926, in Vienna. He is survived by two brothers, Micha, of Manhattan. and Sascha, of Nantucket, Mass.
His father, a civil engineer, descended from Dalmatian royalty. His mother was a Sephardic Jew, and Ivan was expelled from a school in Vienna in 1941 because of her background. He went on to study in Florence and Rome and in Salzburg, where he wrote his doctoral dissertation on the historian Arnold Toynbee.
Mr. Illich came to the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in 1952 after being ordained as a priest in Rome. He particularly attended to the needs of Puerto Ricans, helping establish an employment agency among other things. In an interview with The New Yorker magazine in 1970, the Rev. John Connolly, one of his colleagues, called him "their Babe Ruth."
The article said that early in his career as a priest, Father Illich began to criticize the church for "its smugness, its bureaucracy and its chauvinism." But his energy and intellect propelled him to the position of vice rector of the Catholic University of Ponce in Puerto Rico. He was forced out in 1960 for opposing the local bishop's forbidding of Catholics to vote for a governor who advocated state-sponsored birth control.
After being recalled briefly to New York, he was assigned to Cuernavaca, a small city 50 miles west of Mexico City where he established the Intercultural Center for Documentation to teach priests and laymen who wanted to become Latin American volunteers.
Mr. Illich's criticisms of church doctrine ranged beyond his advocacy of birth control, and in 1969 he was branded "politically immoral" by the Vatican and left the priesthood.
Among other things, he disagreed with the church policy of increasing the number of priests in Latin America. He believed that the church could be revived only by lay people, a populist view that he later applied first to education and then to other institutions.
"Illich is not against schools or hospitals as such, but once a certain threshold of institutionalization is reached, schools make people more stupid, while hospitals make them sick," wrote Matthias Finger and Jose Manuel Asu'n in "Adult Education at the Crossroads: Learning Our Way Out" (Zed Books, 2001).
"And more generally, beyond a certain threshold of institutionalized expertise, more experts are counterproductive -- they produce the counter effect of what they set out to achieve," they continued.
Mr. Illich's sweeping conclusions struck some readers as too sweeping, and others as plain wrong. Peter Sparkman in The New York Times Book Review in 1971 criticized "De-Schooling Society" as not only "a mind-bending litany of abstraction" but as a distraction from schools' all too real problems. He called it "an exceedingly bad book written by an exceedingly good man."
But Mr. Illich relished surprise, and his ideas almost always did. "We must have a sarcastic readiness for all surprises," he said in The New Yorker interview, "including the ultimate surprise of death."
  
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HEADLINE: Freundliche Nemesis 

BODY: 

Der Kulturphilosoph Ivan Illich ist gestern im Alter von 76 Jahren in Bremen gestorben.  Illich studierte Naturwissenschaften, Philosophie und Theologie in Florenz und Rom. Nach 1951 arbeitete er als Seelsorger in den Slums von New York. 1961 gruendete er in New York das "Center of lntercultural Formation", aus dem sich das "Centeo intercultural de documentacion" in Cuernavaca (Mexico) entwickelte. Nach Auseinandersetzungen mit dem Vatikan gab Illich 1969 alle priesterlichen Funktionen auf. Ab 1991 lehrte er an der Universitaet Bremen. Zu seinen wichtigsten zivilisationskritischen Buechern zaehlen "Die Nemesis der Medizin" (1977), "Selbstbegrenzung" (1979) und "Genus" (1963). 
ukue  EUROPE (75%); MEXICO (54%); NORTH AMERICA (54%);  

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HEADLINE: Generalstreik in Venezuela eskaliert 

BODY: 
 
 Caracas. - Die venezolanische Nationalgarde hat eine Versammlung der Opposition mit dem Einsatz von Traenengas und Gummigeschossen gesprengt. Die Dissidenten hatten sich vor dem Gebaeude der staatlichen Oelgesellschaft versammelt. Auch Militaeroffiziere in Uniform schlossen sich der Gruppe an. Scharfschuetzen gingen auf den Daechern umliegender Haeuser in Stellung. Die Regierung hatte den Streikfuehrern zuvor vorgeworfen, einen Staatsstreich zu provozieren. (AP) 
 Saudiarabien weist US-Vorwuerfe zurueck 
 Washington. - Adel al-Jubeir, der aussenpolitische Berater der Regierung in Riad, hat bei einer Pressekonferenz in der US-Hauptstadt Berichte amerikanischer Medien zurueckgewiesen, wonach der saudiarabische Staat oder reiche saudische Individuen militante Islamisten finanziell unterstuetzten. In einem neunseitigen Bericht listeten die Saudis alle Schritte auf, die sie seit dem 11. September 2001 unternommen haben, um die Spendentaetigkeit religioeser Stiftungen besser zu ueberwachen. Indessen warf al-Jubeir seinerseits der amerikanischen Regierung mangelnde Koordination beim Krieg gegen den Terror vor. (ist) 
 Israelische Armee erschiesst 95-Jaehrige 
 Ramallah. - Palaestinensische Augenzeugen und Krankenhausmitarbeiter sagten, ein Soldat haette das Feuer auf das Taxi mit der 95-jaehrigen Frau eroeffnet, als es zwischen Ramallah und dem Ort Atara eine Blockade zu umfahren versuchte. Wie eine vorlaeufige Untersuchung der Armee ergab, handelte der Soldat gegen die Vorschriften; der Vorfall werde ein gerichtliches Nachspiel haben. (Reuters/SDA) 
 Waffenstillstand in Burundi unterzeichnet 
 Arusha. - Die groesste Rebellengruppe in Burundi hat ein Waffenstillstandsabkommen in dem seit neun Jahren wuetenden Buergerkrieg unterschrieben. Wird das Abkommen umgesetzt, kaempft nur noch eine Rebellengruppe in dem Konflikt, der mehr als 200 000 Opfer forderte. Burundis Praesident Pierre Buyoya und Pierre Nkurunziza, der die Hauptfraktion der Streitkraefte fuer die Verteidigung der Demokratie (FDD) anfuehrt, unterzeichneten das Abkommen auf einer Konferenz in Tansania. (AP) 
 Paris: Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich gestorben 
 Paris. - Der Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich ist mit 76 Jahren gestorben. Wie sein franzoesischer Verleger am Dienstag in Paris mitteilte, erlag Illich einem Krebsleiden. Der gebuertige Oesterreicher wurde in den 50er -Jahren bekannt, weil er als katholischer Priester in einem Elendsviertel New Yorks arbeitete und in Gegensatz zur Amtskirche geriet. Illich veroeffentlichte mehrere gesellschafts- und kulturkritische Werke. (SDA) 
 Ankara will USA Basen zur Verfuegung stellen 
 Ankara. - Die Tuerkei ist bereit, der US-Luftwaffe im Falle eines Krieges gegen den Irak die Nutzung tuerkischer Stuetzpunkte zu gestatten. Diese Zusage gab der tuerkische Aussenminister Yasar Yakis nach einem Gespraech mit dem britischen Aussenminister Jack Straw in Ankara. Allerdings hoffe die tuerkische Regierung weiterhin, dass der Streit zwischen seinem suedlichen Nachbar und den USA friedlich beigelegt werden koenne, sagte Yakis. (SDA) 

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HEADLINE: Paris: Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich gestorben 

BODY: 
 
 Paris. - Der Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich ist mit 76 Jahren gestorben.  Wie sein franzoesischer Verleger am Dienstag in Paris mitteilte, erlag Illich einem Krebsleiden. Der gebuertige Oesterreicher wurde in den 50er -Jahren bekannt, weil er als katholischer Priester in einem Elendsviertel New Yorks arbeitete und in Gegensatz zur Amtskirche geriet. Illich veroeffentlichte mehrere gesellschafts- und kulturkritische Werke. (SDA) 

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HEADLINE: Kein Nachschwaetzer 

BYLINE: REINHARD KAHL 

HIGHLIGHT: 
Ivan Illich war ein weltberuehmter Paedagoge. Nachruf auf einen liebenswuerdigen Selbstdenker und Weltveraenderer 

BODY: 
 
 Ivan Illich ist gestorben. Als ich zuletzt sah, es ist einige Jahre her, hatte er ein Geschwulst im Gesicht, so gross wie ein Huehnerei. Er kam nicht auf Idee, es sich wegoperieren zu lassen. Leben war fuer ihn nie ohne Schatten. Leidenschaft konnte er sich ohne Leiden nicht vorstellen. Ivan Illich war treu, verlaesslich, ein Menschensammler. Er war einer der geistigen Aristokraten, eine Spezies, die wenig Nachwuchs hat. Was an ihnen so fasziniert ist ja, dass man nicht fragt, was sie sind, sondern wer sie sind.  
 Geboren am 5. September 1926, aufgewachsen in Wien. Der Vater war Katholik, die Mutter Juedin, die sich evangelisch taufen liess. Er studierte zuerst Chemie, dann Philosophie und Theologie am Collegium Romanum, der paepstlichen Lehranstalt. Alle Abschluesse bestand er summa cum laude. 1950 wurde er zum Priester geweiht. 
 Der 25-Jaehrige wird nach Princeton und Harvard eingeladen, und gibt seine akademischen Plaene abrupt auf, als er in New York mit dem Elend der Puertoricaner konfrontiert wird. Ivan Illich wirft, wie mehrfach in seinem Leben alles um, arbeitet als Armenpriester in Manhattans Upper West Side. Er will eben kein Christusepigone sein, kein gesalbter Nachschwaetzer. Seine Passion wird mehr und mehr, die Welt aendern zu muessen. 
 Nach wenigen Jahren als Priester in den Slums wird er Vizekanzler der katholischen Universitaet Santa Maria in Puerto Rico. Man nennt ihn bald den Rousseau Lateinamerikas. 1960 gruendet Illich seine eigene "Denkerei", wie er sie nannte, aus der spaeter das internationale Forschungszentrum Cidoc in Cuernavaca, Mexiko, wird. In dieser Zeit wurde er als Bildungskritiker weltberuehmt, etwa mit dem Buch "Schulen helfen nicht", doch ist er nicht bei diesem Thema stecken geblieben. Nach zehn Jahren loest er seine Denkerei auf, weil er ahnte, dass man die unvergleichbare Aura dieses Ortes nicht auf Dauer erhalten kann. Institutionen verklumpen. 
 Inzwischen hatte er alle priesterlichen Wuerden abgelegt, entwirft eine Kritik am Schulsystem und spaeter an der modernen Medizin. Die Schule sei zu einer der maechtigsten Fesseln menschlicher Intelligenz und Freiheit und die Medizin zur Hauptgefahr fuer die Gesundheit geworden. Der Verkehr rase in den finalen Stau. Seine Gegenvorschlaege hiessen Selbstbegrenzung und die Kultivierung einer "konvivialen Technik". In den 70er-Jahren war er einer der meist beachteten Kritiker von Technik und Bildung. Er prophezeite schon das Ende des Industriezeitalters, als erst wenige Nachrufe auf diese Epoche gehalten wurden. 
 In den vergangenen Jahren ist es leise um ihn geworden. Er zog sich aus dem oeffentlichen Leben zurueck und uebernahm Gastprofessuren vor allem in Bremen, wo er schliesslich eingebuergert wurde. In einer Villa in Bremens Ostertorviertel, die er mit Freunden bewohnte, gab es beruehmte Spagettiessen, Hausmusik und vor allem Gespraeche. In der Hausbibliothek liegt das Exemplar einer Festschrift, die seine Freunde fuer ihn vor 11 Jahren zum 65. Geburtstag geschrieben haben. Sie ist gedruckt, aber es gibt nur ein einziges Exemplar. 
 
 REINHARD KAHL 

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HEADLINE: "Meine Ohnmacht" 

BYLINE: Klaus Wolschner 

HIGHLIGHT: 
Ivan Illich, "gemeiner" Denker und Kritiker der gedankenlosen Selbstverstaendlichkeiten der Moderne, wurde - der Medizin zum Trotz - 76 Jahre alt. Seit 1992 lebte der Weltbuerger in Bremen 

BODY: 
 
 Vermutlich ist er der weltweit bekannteste Bremer: Der Privatgelehrte Ivan Illich ist am Montag im Alter von 76 Jahren gestorben. So weit haette es eigentlich gar nicht kommen duerfen: Die Aerzte hatten ihm schon 1983 gerade noch fuenf Jahre gegeben - und das nur unter der Bedingung, dass er sich ihrer radikalen Krebs-Therapie unterwerfen wuerde. Das hat er nicht getan. 
 Denn Ivan Illich hatte schon 1976 in seinem Buch "Nemesis der Medizin" klargestellt, dass Medizin fuer ihn nur eine der Institutionen ist, die den Menschen von der Technik abhaengig machen. Seitdem nahm Illich Opium, wohl dosiert, und er hatte auch keine Scheu, dies oeffentlich zu sagen. Illich, ein Weltbuerger, der in Florenz und Rom studierte, zum Priester geweiht worden war, wurde nach einem Konflikt mit Rom in Mexiko "laisiert", ist aber Mitglied der "einen, heiligen, katholischen Kirche" geblieben.  
 Nach Professuren in Ponte (Puerto Rico), Princeton, Pennsylvania, Kassel und Marburg hielt er in Bremen Universitaet bis zuletzt Gastvorlesungen ueber "Askese". Fuer den kommenden Januar hatte er sich ein Blockseminar ueber Bildungspolitik vorgenommen. Ueber die Institution Schule hatte Illich bereits 1970 publiziert. 
 Seit 1992 hatte der 1926 in Wien geborene "gemeine" Denker seinen Lebensmittelpunkt in Bremen. Hier verfolgte er auch eine "gemeine" Idee: Mitten auf dem Rembertikreisel, dem von taeglich 40.000 Blechkarossen umkreisten Reservat des Wildwuchses, wollte Illich eine "Freie Universitaet Remberti" entstehen lassen.. Aus den umliegenden Strassen kamen damals Jung und Alt, um auf Wolldecken und Klappstuehlen ueber die Symbolhaftigkeit dieser Stadtplanungsruine und andere Modernisierungs-Projekte zu reden. Fuer Illich war das wilde Stueck Niemandsland eine intellektuelle Herausforderung. Seine Philosophie: "Zementmauern kann man nur mit Wurzeln sprengen". 
 In den 60er Jahren hatte der Fortschrittswahn am Kreisel ein Wohnquartier niedergerissen. Illich haette hier gern ein "Sindbad", ein Cafe fuer Geschichtenerzaehler, gehabt. "Gemein" ist fuer Illich das, was im urspruenglichen Wortsinn "allgemein" ist. Dass die Fortschrittsmacher der Moderne das "Gemeine" als niedrig empfanden und diese Sicht auch sprachpolitisch durchsetzen konnten, verwies fuer Illich auch darauf, dass der Machtapparat sich gerne der Sprache bedient: "In den prae-industriellen Gesellschaften konnte die politische Macht nur einen lebens-unnoetigen Ueberschuss an Lebenskraft kontrollieren", schrieb Illich in seinem Buch "Selbstbegrenzung" (Tools of Conviviality). Die Enteignung urspruenglicher "gemeiner" Faehigkeiten zum Nutzen lukrativer mittelstaendischer Berufe fuehre dazu, dass der fortgeschrittene Mensch abhaengig wird von deren Prothesen - das ist der rote Faden seiner intelligenten Polemik gegen die gedankenlosen "Selbstverstaendlichkeiten der Moderne": Schule, Fortschritt, Expertensysteme ... 
 Die Entwicklungshilfe ("Wie im Westen, so auf Erden"), die er vor allem in Lateinamerika hautnah studierte, ist fuer Illich nur der erfolgreiche Versuch, "aus einfachen Leuten Beduerftige" zu machen: "Im Namen der Beduerfnisse konnten die Entwicklungsmanager ganze Kulturen zerstoeren." 
 Als der weltweit renommierte Philosoph zum 20-jaehrigen Bestehen der Bremer Universitaet zur Festrede geladen wurde, brueskierte er die Drittmittel-Jaeger mit einem spannenden Vortrag: Wenn Wissenschaft nur das "Austuefteln von Machbarem" sei, kaeuflich wie die "Forschung des Bezahlbaren", dann habe sie den Anspruch auf Ansehen und Vertrauen verloren, hielt Illich der Festgemeinde in der Oberen Rathaushalle vor. Er empfahl der Universitaet "Bildung" und eben "Askese" als den Weg, die eigene Sinnlichkeit und Vorstellungskraft zu verfeinern. Wie man ahnt - vergeblich. 
 Genauso vergeblich hatte Illich schon 1991 mit Henning Scherf in der Rathaushalle ueber die Institutionalisierung von Bildung geredet. "So wenig Schule wie moeglich", ist Illichs These ("Entschulung der Gesellschaft", 1972), denn fuer ihn werden in der Schule die Schueler nur geschult, Verfahren und Inhalte miteinander zu verwechseln. In der Konfrontation mit Illich verteidigte der damalige Bildungssenator Scherf - so schrieb die taz - "die (sozialdemokratische) Schul-Welt als Wille und Vorstellung, eine vernagelte Welt, abgedichtet mit den Scheuklappen des Quasi-Nachdenkens und des Quasi-Dialogs." 
 Kritik an den Gedankenlosigkeiten der Moderne ist nicht erfolgreich, im Gegenteil: Sie reproduziert immer wieder eine Lage der Ohnmacht. Illich wusste das. "Es gibt nur eine Antwort auf das moderne Medizinsystem: Nein, danke!", hatte Illich 1990 im taz-Interview erklaert. "Ich anerkenne meine Ohnmacht, erlebe sie tief. Aber Verzicht ist moeglich. Verzicht, der bewusst, kritisch, diszipliniert eingeuebt wird, und fuer den es einmal einen Namen gab: Askese." Damit meinte er nicht das "Nein danke zu Wein, Weib, Gesang und Wohlgeruechen" , sondern "ein 'Danke, nein' zu den Selbstverstaendlichkeiten, auf denen unsere Gesellschaft aufgebaut ist." 
 Klaus Wolschner 
 Siehe auch Seite 6 

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HEADLINE: LA CONTESTAZIONE DEGLI ANNI 60, I RAPPORTI CON LA CHIESA, LA MALATTIA: UN AMICO RICORDA IL PENSATORE Illich, l'ossessione della mostruosita' 

BYLINE: La Cecla Franco 

BODY: 
 
 Franco La Cecla ERA il 1978 ed avevo scritto ad Ivan Illich (morto lunedi' a 76 anni, come pubblicato ieri) perche' mi trovavo a fare l'obbiettore di coscienza nella stalla di Giannozzo Pucci a Ontignano, a guardia degli ultimi due esemplari di vacche chianine da proteggere. Pensavamo di aprire una biblioteca sulle ""tecnologie alternative e conviviali"" e fu Giannozzo a dirmi di contattare Illich. Me lo trovai di fronte, poco dopo, a Bologna, alla Biblioteca del Centro di Studi Religiosi diretto da Alberigo. Mi aveva dato appuntamento li', era arrampicato su una scala e cercava tra grossi volumi con la competenza e l'agilita' del gatto da biblioteca. Mi impressiono' il suo volto come di chi ha sofferto molto. Ivan era allora in piena energia e pieno di umorismo, sottigliezze, e si rivelo' di una disponibilita' e simpatia estrema. 
 Eppure quell'impressione di profondita' dolorosa mi rimase. Comincio' un rapporto ricchissimo.  
 La sua radicalita', la sua coscienza del mondo, una cultura che era fatta di esperienza di luoghi, persone, di passione teologica, filosofica con un aspetto titanico nei confronti del secolo si coniugava alla capacita' di far capriole, prendersi e prendere in giro, ballare il valzer, godere del cibo e della compagnia. Era un Ivan che aveva da poco chiuso il Centro di Documentazione di Cuernavaca in Messico e che voleva dedicarsi pienamente alla ricerca e allo studio dei grandi mali della nostra societa'. 
 Insieme organizzammo un convegno a Rimini sull'Autocostruzione, cioe' sul diritto degli abitanti a riprendersi tutta la parte di creativita' espropriata da architetti e da urban planners. Fu un gran successo, al punto tale che lo stesso Renzo Piano si affretto' a scusarsi per avere inizialmente declinato l'invito. Ivan venne poi in Sicilia e li' ci conoscemmo meglio e capii un po' di piu' la sua storia difficile con la Chiesa, e cominciai a condividere il suo senso di avventura intellettuale (lui avrebbe disprezzato la parola). Era appena uscito il suo libro sul settore informale, Il lavoro Ombra che era una critica feroce sia all'economia tradizionale che alle teorie neoliberiste del self-help. Passo' qualche tempo e dal Messico Ivan mi scrisse e poi venne a trovarmi a Bologna per invitarmi, come disse lui, a ""cantare il funerale al matrimonio"".  Stava scrivendo Genere e Sesso e voleva raccontare come il rapporto tra le differenze ricche e contraddittorie del femminile e del maschile fosse stato alterato dall'avvento del capitalismo col suo lavoro salariato e con la sua coppia tesa alla riproduzione della forza lavoro. 
 Ma ancor prima voleva scavare nella storia della Chiesa e nel tentativo di distruggere il grande dominio differenziato di donne ed uomini. 
 Voleva che gli dessi una mano sulla storia dell'abitare e della dimora. Ero spaventato, non pensavo di essere all'altezza. Un giorno, in campagna, da amici comuni che avevano una impresa ""bio"" si arrampico' su un albero e mi bombardo' di frutti per sfottere la mia paura. Avevo ragione io, ma accettai e cosi' comincio' un rapporto tempestoso, fertile, strano. 
 Ivan Illich a Berlino, al Wissenschaft Kolleg era una persona gia' diversa. 
 Molto piu' dura e con una intenzione di ""spurgarmi"" dal provincialismo italiano. Poi venne Berkeley e li', in mezzo ai suoi veri seguaci e a molti amici tentai disperatamente di seguire ogni sua indicazione, ma alla fine prevalse la mia natura indipendente e ribelle. Ivan stava gia' male, aveva i sintomi del cancro in faccia che poi avrebbe devastato di dolore il resto dei suoi anni. Pensava di dover morire di li' a poco. Era come una furia devastante, amici, conoscenti, studenti. Il suo corso su ""Genere e Sesso"" fu accolto con estrema violenza dalle femministe americane e con diffidenza dall'accademia. 
 Ivan pensava che non c'era tempo, che doveva lasciare in qualche modo un messaggio forte. Litigammo su cose banali come il mio rifiuto di volermi fare plasmare da lui. Ivan sopravvisse al cancro e comincio' a conviverci. Nel frattempo la sua sfida aveva avuto effetti. Nel frattempo Ivan aveva rinunciato ad un po' della sua furia. 
 Aveva accettato la cattiva accoglienza di Genere e sesso e stava lavorando sul 1200 come secolo fondamentale nella storia della Chiesa e su Ugo di San Vittore, su cui scrisse un libro splendido: Nella Vigna del Testo. 
 Era attivissimo nonostante il male e la sua voce sui ""Bisogni"" nel dizionario dello Sviluppo curato da Wolfgang Sachs e' di una forza profetica nei confronti di cio' che parecchi anni dopo i no-global riscopriranno. 
 Titanico come sempre, Savonarola per il mondo cattolico italiano, e scomodo per la sinistra come per la destra, perche' molto piu' radicale e con una visione che andava indietro nella storia. 
 Ivan era qualcuno che soffriva per la mostruosita' del secolo in cui viviamo, che inorridiva di fronte all'ipocrisia per cui i condannati a morte vengono tenuti artificialmente in vita per riciclarne gli organi, di fronte alla follia dei sistemi globalizzanti, che riducono nella mobilita', nella medicina, nell'educazione, nei media, le persone in clienti e pazienti. 
 Rintracciava l'orrore nella corruzione della carita' cristiana trasformata in istituzioni totalizzanti, diceva sempre ""corruptio optimi pessima"", niente di peggio della corruzione di cio' che e' stato il meglio, il punto piu' elevato della coscienza occidentale. Era un prete, un monsignore tanto scomodo che la Chiesa non era riuscita nemmeno a sospenderlo, perche' dal punto di vista teologico era impeccabile. Dopo avergli fatto un processo interno al Tribunale dell'Inquisizione, lo avevano invitato come osservatore al Concilio Vaticano Secondo. 
 Questo Ivan che parlava tredici lingue, che aveva avuto rapporti con mezzo mondo di movimenti di base e di gente importante, da Fidel a Kissinger, adesso viveva tra Brema e Cuernavaca. Lo cominciai ad incontrare di nuovo e piu' spesso. Ad Assisi, a Brema, poi ad Oakland. Facevo parte oramai dei suoi vecchi amici. Lui era sempre acuto, profondo, molesto, aggressivo per sfidare ed insofferente a qualunque inquadramento uno gli volesse dare. Un giorno un'amica mi chiamo' per dirmi che Ivan sarebbe stato a Milano, per una grande conferenza sulla storia della scrittura. 
 Lo raggiunsi li'. Mi accolse con gioia, mi chiese di aiutarlo a salire le scale. Il convegno si svolgevo in una Banca. Mi chiese di aiutarlo a fumare la pipa che, come un vecchio persiano, si portava appresso con una sostanza che gli serviva a lenire le fitte terribili che gli arrivavano dal cancro lo sfigurava. Chiesi agli inservienti. Ci dettero la stanza del direttore. Ivan si sedette per terra, preparo' la sua pipa e fumo' e le volute salivano sulle volte innocenti e bancarie. 
 Era un modo per sconfiggere il dolore, le apparenze, l'ipocrisia. 
 Ivan fece un discorso meraviglioso. Poi con una scusa si interruppe, il dolore era troppo forte e resto' in silenzio accanto agli altri. Mi hanno detto che l'hanno trovato morto a Brema, mentre lavorava, seduto all'indiana, con il suo portatile che manovrava con la perizia di qualcuno che ha sempre il sospetto che la tecnologia possa non esserci amica.  

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HEADLINE: Morre o pensador e ex-sacerdote Ivan Illich 

DATELINE: PARIS, 3 dez 

BODY: 
O ex-sacerdote catolico Ivan Illich, especialista em educacao, faleceu em Bremen (Alemanha) aos 76 anos em consequencia de um cancer, informou esta terca-feira a editora francesa Fayard. 
"Era um grande pensador, um homem de uma cultura excepcional", disse Henri Trubert, editor da Fayard, que no final de 2003 publicara uma obra inedita de Illich, "La perte des sens", e a primeira parte de suas obras completas em dois volumes.  
"Conhecedor de muitas culturas, Illich lutava contra todas as certezas", resumiu um critico sobre o ex-sacerdote. Illich era autor de, entre outras obras, "Une societe sans ecole", "Nemesis Medical" e "Le chomage createur". 
Nascido em Viena em uma familia judia de origem russa, Ivan Illich estudou teologia e filosofia em Roma. Em 1950, foi sacerdote em Nova York, onde colaborou com a comunidade portorriquenha. 
Em meados dos anos 60, fundou o Centro Internacional de Documentacao de Cuernavaca (Cidoc), no Mexico, especializado na "analise critica da sociedade industrial". 
Em 1968, abandonou a Igreja Catolica. 
Ainda que tenha sido considerado um pensador subversivo nos circulos conservadores, ao defender posicoes baseadas na sociologia e na economia politica, nunca recebeu advertencias da hierarquia eclesiastica. 
Illich, um homem do mundo que falava uma dezena de idiomas, tambem era conhecido por seus trabalhos sobre a Idade Media. Foi professor na Alemanha, no Japao, na India e nos Estados Unidos, alem de vice-reitor da Universidade Catolica de Porto Rico. 
Passou os ultimos meses de vida entre a Alemanha e o Mexico.  

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HEADLINE: Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich 76-jaehrig gestorben 

DATELINE: Paris, 3. Dezember 

BODY: 
Der Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich ist mit 76 Jahren gestorben.  Wie sein franzoesischer Verleger Fayard am Dienstag in Paris mitteilte, erlag Illich in Bremen einem schweren Krebsleiden. Der gebuertige Wiener wurde in den 50er Jahren bekannt, weil er als katholischer Priester in einem Elendsviertel New Yorks arbeitete und in scharfen Gegensatz zur Amtskirche geriet. 1969 verzichtete er auf das Priesteramt. Illich veroeffentlichte mehrere gesellschafts- und kulturkritische Werke, darunter "Entschulung der Gesellschaft (1971), "Die Nemesis der Medizin" (1974) und "H-zwei-O und die Wasser des Vergessens" (1985). 

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HEADLINE: Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich gestorben - 76-Jaehriger war Weltbuerger, Querdenker und zeitweise Priester (mit juedischer Herkunft, Arbeit in Lateinamerika und Deutschland) 

DATELINE: Paris, 3. Dezember 

BODY: 
Der Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich ist mit 76 Jahren gestorben. Wie sein franzoesischer Verleger Fayard am Dienstag in Paris mitteilte, erlag Illich in Bremen einem schweren Krebsleiden.  Der gebuertige Oesterreicher wurde in den 50er Jahren bekannt, weil er als katholischer Priester in einem Elendsviertel New Yorks arbeitete und in Gegensatz zur Amtskirche geriet. 1969 verzichtete er auf das Priesteramt. Illich veroeffentlichte mehrere gesellschafts- und kulturkritische Werke, darunter "Entschulung der Gesellschaft (1971), "Die Nemesis der Medizin" (1974) und "H-zwei-O und die Wasser des Vergessens" (1985). 
Illich wurde als Sohn einer russischstaemmigen juedischen Familie in Wien geboren. Seine Studien begann er mit den Naturwissenschaften und der Philosophie in Florenz, setzte sie mit der Theologie in Rom fort und promovierte schliesslich als Historiker in Salzburg. Anfang der 60er Jahre gruendete er in New York das Zentrum fuer Interkulturelle Ausbildung, aus dem das Interkulturelle Dokumentationszentrum in Cuernacava in Mexiko hervorging. 
In konservativen Kreisen wurde Illich heftig kritisiert, von der katholischen Kirchenhierarchie aber niemals zurechtgewiesen. Illich lehrte in Deutschland an der Gesamthochschule Kassel sowie an den Universitaeten von Marburg und Bremen, darueber hinaus in Japan, Indien und den USA. Seine letzten Monate verbrachte er teils in Deutschland, teils in Mexiko.  

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HEADLINE: Fallecio el pensador y ex sacerdote Ivan Illich 

DATELINE: PARIS, Dic 3 

BODY: 
El ex sacerdote catolico Ivan Illich, especialista en problemas educativos, fallecio en Bremen (Alemania) a los 76 anos a consecuencia de un cancer, informo este martes la editorial francesa Fayard. 
"Era un gran pensador, un hombre de una cultura excepcional", dijo Henri Trubert, editor de Fayard, que a finales de 2003 publicara una obra inedita de Illich, "La perdida de los sentidos", y la primera parte de sus obras completas en dos volumenes.  
Versado en muchas culturas, luchaba contra todas nuestras certezas, como resumio un critico hablando de Illich, autor entre otras obras de "La sociedad desescolarizada", "Nemesis medica" y "Desempleo creador". 
Nacido en Viena en una familia judia de origen ruso, Ivan Illich estudio teologia y filosofia en Roma. En 1950, se instalo como sacerdote en Nueva York, donde colaboro con la comunidad puertorriquena. 
A mediados de los anos 60, fundo el Centro Internacional de Documentacion de Cuernavaca (CIDOC), en Mexico, especializado en "el analisis critico de la sociedad industrial". 
En 1968 abandono la Iglesia Catolica. 
Aunque fue considerado un pensador subversivo en los circulos conservadores, al defender posturas basadas en la sociologia y la economia politica, nunca recibio reproches de la jerarquia eclesiatica. 
Illich, un hombre de mundo que hablaba una decena de idiomas, tambien era conocido por sus trabajos sobre la Edad Media. Fue profesor en Alemania, Japon, India y Estados Unidos, ademas de vicerrector de la Universidad Catolica de Puerto Rico. 
Paso los ultimos meses de su vida entre Alemania y Mexico. 
ccd/fjb/em/jr 
Francia-edicion-deceso 
AFP 

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December 3, 2002 Tuesday 

SECTION: CULTURE 

LENGTH: 369 words 

HEADLINE: Mort du penseur Ivan Illich 

DATELINE: PARIS, 3 dec 

BODY: Ivan Illich, pretre catholique devenu un specialiste des problemes educatifs, vient de deceder a Breme (Allemagne) a l'age de 76 ans, a-t-on appris mardi aupres de l'editeur francais Fayard, precisant qu'il souffrait depuis longtemps d'un cancer. 
"C'etait un grand penseur, un homme d'une culture phenomenale", a dit Henri Trubert, editeur chez Fayard, qui publiera fin 2003 un inedit d'Illich, "La perte des sens", et le debut de ses oeuvres completes en deux volumes. 
Homme de toutes les cultures, il combattait toutes nos certitudes, avait resume un critique a propos d'Illich, detenteur d'un passeport americain et auteur notamment de "Une societe sans ecole", "La convivialite", "Nemesis medicale", "Le chomage createur", "Le travail fantome", "Le genre vernaculaire", "H20" etc. Plusieurs de ces ouvrages, epuises en France, sont parus au Seuil.  
Ne a Vienne (Autriche) dans une famille juive d'origine russe, Ivan Illich a etudie la theologie et la philosophie a Rome. En 1950, il s'installe comme pretre a New York, partageant la vie de la communaute portoricaine. 
Il fonde au milieu des annees 60 le Centre international de documentation de Cuernavaca (CIDOC), au Mexique, specialise dans "l'analyse critique de la societe industrielle", creuset de reflexions qui allaient, au tout debut des annees 70, lui apporter le succes en France (grace a la revue Esprit et au Nouvel Observateur) et dans plusieurs pays. 
En 1968, il se met en conge de l'Eglise. S'il a ete considere comme un penseur subversif dans les milieux conservateurs, defendant des prises de position fondees sur la sociologie et l'economie politique, il n'a toutefois jamais fait l'objet de blames de la part de la hierarchie catholique. 
Ce globe-trotter parlait une dizaine de langues et etait aussi connu pour des travaux de medieviste. Il a enseigne (notamment l'histoire des idees au Moyen-Age) en Allemagne, au Japon, en Inde et aux Etats-Unis (a Berkeley et a la Pennsylvania State University ou il etait charge d'un cours intitule "Science, technologie et societe"). Il a aussi ete vice-recteur de l'universite catholique de Porto-Rico. 
Ces derniers mois, il partageait sa vie entre l'Allemagne et le Mexique.  

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HEADLINE: Filosofo de la cultura Ivan Illich murio en Alemania 

DATELINE: Bremen (Alemania), 3 dic 

BODY: 
 El filosofo de la cultura Ivan Illich murio hoy a los 76 anos de cancer en la ciudad alemana de Bremen, segun informo la universidad local, en la que ejercia desde 1991 una catedra de investigacion de la cultura y la educacion como profesor invitado. 

Illich, un pensador radical que junto al brasileno Paulo Freire conmovio la pedagogia tradicional en la decada del 70, habia desarrollado un centro universitario alternativo en Mexico, el CIDOC.  

El filosofo, que hablaba ocho idiomas, habia nacido en Viena como hijo de un padre croata catolico y de una madre alemana judia convertida al luteranismo. Despues de haber estudiado teologia en Viena y Roma, se desempeno como cura catolico en Nueva York y luego ejercio el sacerdocio en comunidades de pobres de Puerto Rico, antes de trasladarse a Mexico. 

SIGUE AMPLIACION 

dpa jg ei 

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LENGTH: 333 words 

HEADLINE: AMPLIACION Ivan Illich, el filosofo de la desescolarizacion, murio en Alemania 

DATELINE: Bremen (Alemania), 3 dic 

BODY: 
 El filosofo de la cultura Ivan Illich murio hoy a los 76 anos de cancer en la ciudad alemana de Bremen, segun informo la universidad local, en la que ejercia desde 1991 una catedra de investigacion de la cultura y la educacion como profesor invitado. 

 Illich, un pensador radical que junto al brasileno Paulo Freire conmovio la pedagogia tradicional en la decada del 70, habia desarrollado un centro universitario alternativo en Cuernavaca, en Mexico, el CIDOC (Centro Cultural de Documentacion), al que se acuso de servir de lugar de encuentro a guerrilleros latinoamericanos. 

Tras un procedimiento disciplinario iniciado en su contra por la Iglesia Catolica abandono los habitos, pero previamente causo un escandalo mayusculo al revelar las 85 preguntas que le habia formulado la Congregacion para la Fe en un sotano de Roma. Renuncio a sus titulos eclesiasticos, pero no al celibato.  

 Fue el padre de la "antiescuela", la teoria que propugnaba la desescolarizacion de la sociedad por considerarla el factor basico de perpetuacion de las condiciones de sojuzgamiento de las clases oprimidas. Illich impulsaba ademas una politica de "autolimitacion del crecimiento", criticando fuertemente los "mitos del progreso". 

Tambien avanzo en una critica severa de los sistemas de salud en su obra "Nemesis medica". "La corporacion medica se ha convertido en una seria amenaza para la salud", decia Illich. 

 El filosofo, que hablaba ocho idiomas, habia nacido en Viena como hijo de un padre croata catolico y de una madre alemana judia convertida al luteranismo. Sus estudios abarcaron historia, cristalografia y filosofia, junto a los de teologia seguidos en Viena y Roma. 

Se desempeno como cura catolico en Nueva York y luego ejercio el sacerdocio en comunidades de pobres de Puerto Rico, antes de trasladarse a Mexico. 

Ejercio la docencia universitaria tambien Japon, India y Estados Unidos, en la Universidad de Pennsylvania. 

dpa jg ei 

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December 3, 2002, Tuesday 

16:55 Central European Time 

SECTION: Kultur 

LENGTH: 77 words 

HEADLINE: Kulturphilosoph Ivan Illich gestorben 

DATELINE: Bremen 

BODY: 
 Der Kulturphilosoph Ivan Illich ist am Dienstag im Alter von 76 Jahren in Bremen gestorben. Illich war von 1991 an bis zu seinem Tod als Gastprofessor in Bremen im Bereich der Kultur- und Bildungsforschung taetig, teilte die Universitaet mit. Die Bremer Universitaet und Oeffentlichkeit verdankten ihm durch seine grossen Vorlesungen, Schriften und Symposien mit Gaesten aus aller Welt wichtige Impulse zu den Grundfragen der Gegenwart. dpa woe yyni bw 

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SECTION: Kultur 

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HEADLINE: (Portraet) Zivilisationskritiker Ivan Illich sprengte Normen und Disziplinen 

DATELINE: Bremen 

BODY: 
 Armenpriester, Zivilisationskritiker, Reformpaedagoge - Ivan Illich, der am Dienstag im Alter von 76 Jahren in Bremen an Krebs starb, war ein radikaler Denker, erst recht als einer, der einst von Rom zum Priester geweiht wurde. Als Sohn eines katholischen Kroaten und einer lutherisch getauften deutschen Juedin mit spanischen und amerikanischen Vorfahren sprengte Illich von Geburt jeden Rahmen. Illich sprach acht Sprachen; er hatte Geschichte, Kristallographie, Philosophie und Theologie jeweils bis zum Abschluss studiert. Zuletzt lehrte er an der Universitaet Bremen, er sprach vor hoechst gemischtem Publikum unter anderem ueber die "Zumutungen des richtigen Lebens".  
 Nach der Priesterweihe wurde Illich Armenpriester in Puerto Rico, gruendete eine Alternativuniversitaet (CIDOC) in Mexiko, die angeblich "der Treffpunkt aller lateinamerikanischen Guerilleros" war, und bereitete der katholischen Kirche einen beispiellosen Skandal: Der streitbare Geistliche konterte ein Glaubensverfahren der Kurie mit der Offenlegung eines geheimen Dokuments. 
 Er schmuggelte die 85 Fragen, die ihm die Kongregation fuer die Glaubenslehre - Nachfolgerin der Inquisition - in einem Keller- Verhoer in Rom vorlegte, an die Oeffentlichkeit und stellte die Kurie damit bloss. Bald darauf verzichtete Illich darauf, weiterhin priesterliche Funktionen auszuueben und seine kirchlichen Titel Paepstlicher Hauspraelat und Monsignore zu fuehren. Im gleichen Atemzug erklaerte er jedoch, weder vom Breviergebet noch dem Zoelibat befreit werden zu wollen. 
 Illich war einer der fruehen und wegweisenden Zivilisationskritiker unserer Zeit. Seit 1991 lehrte der gebuertige Wiener mit amerikanischem Pass in Bremen. Ausserdem war er als Professor an der Staatlichen Universitaet von Pennsylvania taetig. Doch in den Medien war es seit laengerem stiller geworden um den Gelehrten, der in den 70er und 80er Jahren noch mit wissenschaftlichen Aufrufen zur "Entschulung der Gesellschaft", zur "Selbstbegrenzung" und zur "Nemesis der Medizin" auf sich aufmerksam gemacht hatte. 
 Illich hat zahlreiche Buecher geschrieben. Statt einer umfassenden Philosophie bot er vereinzelte, aber gezielte Provokationen. Als Gast auf einem Oekonomenkongress zum Beispiel sprach er ueber die Geschichte des Abfalls, auf einer Tagung ueber das Thema "Entropie" ueber die "Entwertung" der Verrichtungen des Koerpers im Zusammenhang mit der Verbreitung der Toilette. Zu den Zuhoerern an der Uni Bremen gehoerten nicht nur Studenten, sondern auch Geschaeftsleute, Aerzte und Lehrer. Seine Vorlesungen trug er mit stark oesterreichischem Akzent assoziativ und frei vor, obwohl ihm sein Krebsleiden zusehends zu schaffen machte. dpa go xx mh 

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SECTION: Kultur 

LENGTH: 282 words 

HEADLINE: (Zusammenfassung 1915) Kulturphilosoph Ivan Illich in Bremen gestorben 

DATELINE: Paris 

BODY: 
 Der Kulturphilosoph Ivan Illich, einer der grossen Zivilisationskritiker, ist tot. Er starb am Dienstag im Alter von 76 Jahren in Bremen an den Folgen eines Krebsleidens, teilte die Universitaet mit.  Illich war dort von 1991 an bis zu seinem Tod als Gastprofessor im Bereich der Kultur- und Bildungsforschung taetig. Illich sprach acht Sprachen; er hatte Geschichte, Kristallographie, Philosophie und Theologie studiert und auch in Japan, Indien und den USA gelehrt. 
 In den 70er und 80er Jahren gehoerte der Zivilisationskritiker neben dem brasilianischen Paedagogen Paulo Freire zu den Pflichtautoren in deutschen Paedagogikseminaren. Illich forderte die "Entschulung der Gesellschaft", mahnte zur Politik der "Selbstbegrenzung" und warnte vor "Fortschrittsmythen". Er war bekannt fuer seine harte Kritik an Bildungsinstitutionen und fuer provozierende Erklaerungen - auch im Bereich des Gesundheitswesens ("Nemesis der Medizin"). Von ihm stammt der Satz: "Die Aerzteschaft ist zu einer ernsten Bedrohung der Gesundheit geworden". Im Jahre 1991 erschien der Band "Was macht den Menschen krank? 18 kritische Analysen" 
 Der Sohn einer juedischen Familie in Wien studierte Theologie in Rom und arbeitete ab 1950 als katholischer Priester in New York. Nach der Priesterweihe wurde Illich Armenpriester in Puerto Rico. Er gruendete eine Alternativuniversitaet (CIDOC) in Mexiko - angeblich Hort lateinamerikanischer Guerilleros. Den Priesterdienst in der katholischen Kirche quittierte er nach einem Disziplinarverfahren der Kurie. "Er war ein grosser Denker, ein Mensch mit ungeheurem Wissen", sagte sein franzoesischer Verleger Fayard am Dienstag in Paris. dpa woe/kg yyzz mh 

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16:38 Central European Time 

SECTION: Miscellaneous 

LENGTH: 255 words 

HEADLINE: Philosopher-sociologist Ivan Illich dies at age 76 

DATELINE: Paris 

BODY: 
 The free-thinking sociologist and philosopher Ivan Illich has died in Germany of cancer at age 76, his French publisher, Fayard, announced in Paris on Tuesday. 
 Known for his radical analysis of the institutions of industrial society, particularly education, Illich wrote a number of works that criticized these institutions and the "experts" that ran them.  
 Illich was known for his provocative statements, such as, "The medical establishment has become a major threat to health," which was the opening sentence to his 1975 work "Medical Nemesis". 
 Illich also questioned the ability of schools in industrial societies to adequately educate their students. 
 In "Deschooling Society", he argued that a good education system should have three purposes: to provide everyone that wishes to learn with access to resources whenever he or she wants it; to enable those who wish to convey knowledge to find those who want to learn it; and to present opportunities for people to present their arguments to the broad public. 
 Born in Vienna in 1926, Illich studied theology and philosophy in Rome and obtained his doctorate at the University of Salzburg. He moved to the United States in 1951, and served as assistant pastor in an Irish-Puerto Rican parish in New York City. 
 He was founder of the widely known Center for Intercultural Documentation in Cuernavaca, Mexico, and had his articles published in many periodicals around the world, including The New York Review, Siempre, Kursbuch and Le Monde. dpa sm jm 

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December 3, 2002 

LENGTH: 377 words 

HEADLINE: GERMANY-ILLICH IVAN ILLICH, PIONEER OF LIBERATION THEOLOGY, DIES AT 76 

BODY: 

Berlin, Dec 3 (EFE).- Historian and philosopher Ivan Illich, a pioneer of Liberation Theology, died Tuesday in the northern German city of Bremen. He was 76. 
Illich, best known for his book "Deschooling Society" and his work with Mexican rebels in the 1960s and 1970s, pursued broad academic interests before focusing on the social sciences.  
Born in Vienna in 1926 to a Catholic Croatian father and Jewish German mother who converted to Protestantism, Illich spoke eight languages and studied chemistry, physics, history, philosophy and theology. 
After earning a doctorate in philosophy at the University of Salzburg in Austria and being ordained a Catholic priest, Illich went to New Jersey to do Medieval-era research at Princeton University. 
But upon his arrival in New York in 1951, Illich changed his plans after encountering the plight of Puerto Rican immigrants there. 
For the next five years, Illich would dedicate himself to helping Puerto Rican immigrants adapt and integrate into U.S. Catholic communities. 
Illich then moved to Puerto Rico, where he was appointed vice rector of the Catholic University at Ponce and took a critical stance against the Truman Doctrine. 
His most influential work came in the 1960s, following the creation of the Centro Intercultural de Documentacion (CIDOC) in Cuernavaca, Mexico, - which many say was a hotbed for Latin America's leftist guerrillas - where Illich published works criticizing the Kennedy administration's Alliance for Progress. 
One of the central theories of the Alliance for Progress was that a country's level of development could be measured by its educational system, which drove many Latin American countries to raise the number of years of mandatory schooling. 
Illich also argued however that schooling was an instrument of domination and criticized the role of the Catholic Church in Latin America, questioning, in the process, the presumed benefit of economic development. 
His attacks against the Church led to a confrontation with the Vatican that ended in Illich's resignation from the priesthood, although he maintained he would not violate his celibacy vow. 
Since 1991 Illich taught at universities in Bremen, Germany, and at the University of Pennsylvania.  

JOURNAL-CODE: WEFE 

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December 3, 2002 

LENGTH: 261 words 

HEADLINE: Allemagne: mort du penseur et pretre catholique Ivan Illich 

SOURCE: ATS; AFP 

BYLINE: By ZJ; SW 

DATELINE: Paris 

BODY: 
 
 Le pretre catholique Ivan Illich, specialiste des problemes educatifs, vient de deceder a Breme a l'age de 76 ans, a-t-on appris mardi aupres de l'editeur francais Fayard. Il souffrait depuis longtemps d'un cancer.  
 "C'etait un grand penseur, un homme d'une culture phenomenale", a dit Henri Trubert, editeur chez Fayard. La maison francaise publiera fin 2003 un inedit d'Illich, "La perte des sens", et le debut de ses oeuvres completes en deux volumes. 
 Homme de toutes les cultures, il combattait toutes nos certitudes, a resume un critique a propos d'Illich, detenteur d'un passeport americain. Ne a Vienne dans une famille juive d'origine russe, il etudie la theologie et la philosophie a Rome. En 1950, il s'installe comme pretre a New York, partageant la vie de la communaute portoricaine. 
 Il fonde au milieu des annees 60 le Centre international de documentation de Cuernavaca (CIDOC), au Mexique. Ce creuset de reflexions lui apporte le succes en France et ailleurs, grace a la revue "Esprit" et au "Nouvel Observateur". 
 En 1968, il se met en conge de l'Eglise. Il etait considere comme un penseur subversif dans les milieux conservateurs, defendant des prises de position fondees sur la sociologie et l'economie politique. 
 Ce globe-trotter parlait une dizaine de langues et etait aussi connu pour des travaux de medieviste. Il a enseigne en Allemagne, au Japon, en Inde et aux Etats-Unis. Il a aussi ete vice-recteur de l'universite catholique de Porto-Rico. Ces derniers mois, il partageait sa vie entre l'Allemagne et le Mexique.  

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HEADLINE: Morto Ivan Illich, critico della modernita' Contro la societa' dei consumi un no-global ante-litteram 

SOURCE: ATS; ANSA 

BYLINE: By MC 

DATELINE: PARIGI, 3 DIC 

BODY: 
 
 Il saggista, sociologo e filosofo Ivan Illich, famoso per sferzanti requisitorie contro la societa' dei consumi, il sistema scolastico e la medicina moderna, e' morto a Brema in Germania a 76 anni di eta'. Da tempo era malato di cancro. Lo ha reso noto a Parigi l'editore Fayard, che ne ha pubblicato in Francia alcuni libri. 
 Nato a Vienna in una famiglia ebrea di origine russa, Illich aveva studiato teologia e filosofia a Roma dove nel 1951 era stato ordinato sacerdote. Attivo negli Anni Cinquanta a New York, dove si era preso cura dell'emarginata comunita' portoricana, aveva pero rinunciato nel 1968 all'abito talare dopo essersi messo in urto con i settori piu' conservatori del mondo cattolico. 
 Tra le opere piu' note di questo no-global ante litteram, ci sono 'Per una storia dei bisogni', 'Nemesi medica', 'Lo specchio del passato. Negli ultimi tempi viveva tra Germania e Messico. 

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HEADLINE: Ivan Illich, un savonarola contro miti della modernita' 

SOURCE: DI MASSIMO LOMONACO 

BYLINE: By MC 

BODY: 
 
 ROMA, 3 DIC (ats/ansa) "Non prendo medicine, tanto a che servono". Cosi' Ivan Illich, gia' con il viso devastato dal tumore che lo ha ucciso, confermava la sua fedelta' al pensiero radicale che ne ha caratterizzato la vita di filosofo, saggista e pedagogista controcorrente: una sorta - come fu definito da Antonio Debenedetti - di Savonarola di professione. 
 In quella stessa occasione - era luglio dell'anno scorso ad un convegno sul G8 a San Rossore - si scaglio contro la globalizzazione che affama il mondo e indico ai giovani il pensiero di Gandhi come modello di riferimento. Sarebbe quindi non corretto affrontare i molteplici aspetti del pensiero di Illich senza tener conto del contesto storico - quello degli anni '60 - in cui si formo la sua critica radicale dell'ordine capitalistico, delle sue istituzioni sociali, in particolare della scuola e della medicina che sarebbero stati tra i suoi bersagli preferiti.  
 Di origini ebraiche (da parte materna), inizio i suoi studi tra il 1931 e il 1941 a Vienna (dove era nato nel 1926) negli istituti religiosi dai quali fu' espulso in virtu' delle leggi antisemite. Per questo riusci' a completarli solo all'Universita' di Firenze per poi specializzarsi in teologia e filosofia all'Universita' Gregoriana di Roma. Dopo la guerra ottenne un dottorato di storia all'Universita' di Salisburgo. Ordinato sacerdote, il Vaticano avrebbe voluto avviarlo alla carriera diplomatica, ma Illich opto per il sacerdozio attivo e fu nominato nel 1951 vicario di una parrocchia irlandese e portoricana a New York dove resto fino al 1956. 
 Subito dopo approdo a Portorico, dove divenne vicerettore dell'Universita' Cattolica dell'isola e dove mise in piedi un centro di formazione per i preti statunitensi che dovevano familiarizzarsi con la cultura latino-americana. Il primo grande scontro fu proprio nel 1960 quando ruppe con l'Universita' cattolica perche' il vescovo locale aveva impedito ai cattolici di votare un candidato alla carica di governatore dichiaratosi a favore del controllo delle nascite. 
 Dopo il ritorno a New York, nel 1961 Illich fondo a Cuernavaca in Messico, il Centro interculturale di documentazione nel quale comincio a mettere in pratica le sue idee su una educazione descolarizzata: una critica feroce, totale, della concezione della scuola tradizionale e dei suoi sistemi. 
 In breve, il Centro si trasformo in una fucina di dibattito tra intellettali di varie tendenze sull'educazione, la scolarizzazione, la presa di conscienza, tutti rivolti a individuare i mezzi educativi tali da trasformare ogni momento della vita in occasione per apprendere. Insomma, una societa' senza scuola. 
 La notorieta' di Illich aumento, ma si consumo anche il distacco dalla Chiesa. A prevalere, a suo giudizio, era infatti il lato istituzionale dove tutto era programmato, come in una grande azienda, a formare e impiegare dei professionisti della fede in modo da assicurarsi la continuita'. Nel 1968 il dado e' tratto: Illich secolarizza il Centro e l'anno successivo abbandona il sacerdozio. 
 Le sue parole, i suoi scritti, diventano un punto di riferimento nei giorni caldi della contestazione a cui Illich non e' certo estraneo. La medicina, un altro dei miti della societa' tecnologica, diventa, dalla meta' degli anni '70, un altro dei suoi obiettivi. Il libro 'Nemesi medica-L'espropriazione della salute' (Mondadori, 1977), gia' dal titolo annuncia chiaramente la sua critica: "la gente - scrisse - rinuncia alla vita pur di ottenere quante piu' cure possibili", "I medicamenti buoni, se venissero davvero selezionati, non supererebbero i 25, forse i 30. Certo non sarebbero piu' di 60". E ancora: "La corporazione medica e' diventata una grande minaccia per la salute". 
 Per Illich il progresso aveva cosi' un "rovescio" da combattere, perche' causa dell'alienazione dell'uomo dai suoi bisogni piu' reali. Stesso discorso per la tv definita "il guardone meccanico" che fa si' che il bambino che la guarda "non faccia piu' distinzione tra cio che vede e tocca e cio che vede soltanto". Ma anche gli altri titoli non sono da meno: 'Descolarizzare la scuola' (1972), 'La convivialita' (1973), 'Per una storia dei bisogni' (1977). Il suo viso aspro ricordava davvero la severita' di un Savonarola, ma a chi gli domandava perche' non avesse mai portato la tonaca, rispondeva di non voler creare separatezza. E aggiungeva:"la porto sulla pelle e cerco di mostrarla nella mia voglia di combattere per i piu' deboli".  

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LENGTH: 198 words 

HEADLINE: Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich gestorben 

SOURCE: SDA; AFP 

BYLINE: By NH 

DATELINE: Paris 

BODY: 
 
 Der Theologe und Kulturkritiker Ivan Illich ist mit 76 Jahren gestorben. Wie sein franzoesischer Verleger Fayard am Dienstag in Paris mitteilte, erlag Illich in Bremen einem Krebsleiden.  
 Der gebuertige Oesterreicher wurde in den 50er Jahren bekannt, weil er als katholischer Priester in einem Elendsviertel New Yorks arbeitete und in Gegensatz zur Amtskirche geriet. 1969 verzichtete er auf das Priesteramt. 
 Illich veroeffentlichte mehrere gesellschafts- und kulturkritische Werke, darunter "Entschulung der Gesellschaft (1971), "Die Nemesis der Medizin" (1974) und "H-zwei-O und die Wasser des Vergessens" (1985). 
 Illich wurde als Sohn einer russischstaemmigen juedischen Familie in Wien geboren. Seine Studien begann er mit den Naturwissenschaften und der Philosophie in Florenz, setzte sie mit der Theologie in Rom fort und promovierte schliesslich als Historiker in Salzburg. 
 In konservativen Kreisen wurde Illich heftig kritisiert, von der katholischen Kirchenhierarchie aber niemals zurechtgewiesen. Illich lehrte in Deutschland an der Gesamthochschule Kassel sowie an den Universitaeten von Marburg und Bremen, darueber hinaus in Japan, Indien und den USA.  

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HEADLINE: E' MORTO IVAN ILLICH A Cuernavaca l'ultimo profeta 

BYLINE: A P 

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 LO avevano ribattezzato il Profetta di Cuernavaca, dal luogo nel Messico eletto a sede della sua missione di contestatore del Mondo. E' stato un punto di riferimento per tutte le culture alternative. Lo era ancora, anzi l'ideologia no global aveva ricaricato d'attualita' la sua critica. Ma Ivan Illich e' morto ieri, a Brema, dove insegnava, a 76 anni; era malato di cancro da tempo, ma assai probabilmente e' stato stroncato da un attacco cardiaco. Nato a Vienna, il 4 settembre 1926, aveva studiato filosofia e teologia, venendo ordinato sacerdote e salendo al rango di monsignore. Negli anni cinquanta prete in mezzo ai portoricani newyorkesi, si occupava contemporaneamente di storia, sociologia e scienze naturali.  
 All'epoca ricevette importanti riconoscimenti, arrivando ad essere nominato vicerettore dell'Universita' Cattolica proprio di Portorico. La sua prerogativa era la trasversalita' degli interessi. Comincia in quei tempi il suo impegno di contestatore, da quando nel 1961 fonda, prima a Portorico, poi a Cuernava, un Centro interculturale di documentazione (Cidoc), dove si sottopone a una critica radicale la societa' industrializzata. Abbandonata la tonaca, diventa un protagonista del dibattito culturale, tende a spostarsi nel campo sociologico, le sue opere vengono tradotte in molteplici lingue, e' anche uno dei grandi modelli della contestazione sessantottina, insieme con i francofortesi, dei quali condivide la radicalita' critica. Ma l'originalita' del pensiero e la novita' della lezione di Ivan Illich stanno nell'aver ancorato la sua critica militante a una visione e interpretazione specifiche della storia della Chiesa, come spiega l'architetto e sociologo Franco La Cecla, che e' stato uno dei suoi allievi: ""Per lui la Chiesa si divideva in due: il confine era il tredicesimo secolo. 
 Prima, la Chiesa e' innovatrice, dirompente, autentica cultura; dopo, la Chiesa e' un'istituzione soggetta a corruzioni e decadenza. E questa Chiesa, che ha conosciuto la corruzione, e' l'archeologia dei totalitarismi delle societa' moderne"". 
 Tra le sue opere, le piu' note sono Descolarizzare la societa' del 1971, La nemesi della medicina del 1976, Lavoro ombra nel 1981, Il genere e il sesso nel 1982, a testimonianza con questi titoli della vastita' dei suoi interessi. Negli ultimi due decenni la sua visione critica si era fatta in qualche modo piu' sofferente: ""La separazione tra il noi antico e l'io moderno - disse una volta - provoca la necessita' di una nuova pelle, che deve essere sperimentata e sofferta"". Rovesciando i canoni del modo di sentire dell'uomo occidentale, vedeva di conseguenza nell'espressione di compassione una forma non solo di sofferenza imposta, ma addirittura di tortura. 
 Nonostante la malattia che lo assediava e che gli procurava pesanti esperienze, continuava a girare il mondo, instancabile, tra Stati Uniti, Messico e Brema, per raccontare e rinnovare la sua critica. 

LOAD-DATE: December 4, 2002 

69 of 69 DOCUMENTS 

Copyright 2002 Globe Newspaper Company 

The Boston Globe 

November 30, 2002, Saturday ,THIRD EDITION 

SECTION: NATIONAL/FOREIGN; Pg. A1 

LENGTH: 1189 words 

HEADLINE: MISSILE PLOT ON AIRLINER FUELS FEAR ON HIGH COST OF PROTECTION 

BYLINE: By Anthony Shadid, Globe Staff 

BODY: 
WASHINGTON - The near miss by surface-to-air missiles fired at an Israeli airliner in Kenya stoked one of the worst fears of terrorism specialists: It is almost impossible to protect lumbering civilian jetliners from such weapons without extremely costly new technology.
The attack Thursday, which sent two missiles skirting past a chartered Arkia Airlines flight with 261 people on board, followed just weeks after US officials met airline and industry leaders to warn about the danger of a missile strike. But warnings aside, specialists said that any effort to defend the industry against the shoulder-fired missiles could run into the tens of billions of dollars and would rely on technology that so far remains in the hands of the military and a privileged few others.
   "It's regarded by many of us in the security field as only a matter of time," said David Forbes, president of BoydForbes Inc., an aviation security firm in Evergreen, Colo. "This is an example where the pace of development with regard to the innovation of terrorism is ahead of our ability to respond to it." 
The threat posed by the missiles fired on largely defenseless civilian airliners draws on some of the bleakest realities of the administration's antiterrorism campaign: the elusiveness of the enemy, the limits of any defense, and the danger of inciting panic.
At the same time, the narrow escape may point to the potential of cutting-edge technology to fend off such attacks. Some aviation specialists speculate that the Israeli plane employed a device enabling it to divert the missiles in flight. That technology is widely believed to be employed only on Israeli aircraft among the world's civilian airliners.
The missiles were believed to be a 35-year-old low-tech Russian model known as a Strela, and their age may have made them even more inaccurate. Like the more famous and sophisticated US-built Stinger missiles, they are fired from shoulder-held launchers and rely on infrared tracking to lock on to a plane.
The very size of shoulder-launched missiles makes them attractive, specialists say. A Strela, for instance, weighs about 30 pounds. At 5 feet, it can fit into a duffel bag. The missiles launched Thursday were believed to have been fired from a white utility vehicle.
Unlike the Stinger, the Strela is readily available on the black market for a price that runs in the thousands of dollars. In a show of its popularity, other models built by Egypt, China, and Yugoslavia are in circulation as well.
"Today many terrorist organizations can buy it easily, unfortunately from the Russians because they need money," said Isaac Yeffet, a former Israeli intelligence officer who headed security for El Al Israel Airlines until 1984. "Everybody is ready to smuggle and to sell."
Specialists say shoulder-fired missiles have downed dozens of civilian aircraft, claiming hundreds of lives. Most of those attacks have occurred during wartime, such as the Angolan civil war, but not exclusively.
In 1975, operatives linked to Illich Ramirez Sanchez - better known as Carlos the Jackal - launched a rocket attack on an El Al plane at Paris's Orly airport. They missed, hitting a Yugoslav airliner on the ground instead. Less than a week later, two men returned to try again. They were quickly spotted, and in the gunfight that ensued, hostages were taken and 20 people were injured before the attackers departed on an Air France flight to Iraq.
Specialists recall other planned terror attacks on airliners - all foiled or near misses - in Rome, Athens, and Nairobi in the past two decades.
The threat, in part, has prompted US officials to pay as much as $150,000 in the past year to buy up the Stinger antiaircraft missiles still in Afghanistan. According to some estimates, 50 to 100 still remain, vestiges of a CIA supply to Afghan fighters in the 1980s that helped turn the war against the Soviet Union. The missiles' effectiveness has diminished with their age, but specialists warn that, in the right hands, they could be refurbished.
Despite the threat, aviation officials say, the possible countermeasures are few and not widely distributed. Militaries around the world rely on flares, heat-seeking balloons, and fine particles to throw off the missiles. More cutting-edge methods include laser systems that foil the missile's homing devices, but many of those measures are limited to military aircraft, including Air Force One.
The exception among civilian airlines, many specialists contend, is some Israeli aircraft. That prompted speculation that on-board defenses might have saved the plane Thursday.
Billie H. Vincent, former head of security at the Federal Aviation Administration, said equipping the much-bigger US fleet could cost billions of dollars and have several consequences - from the ambivalence of already struggling airlines to the heftier insurance premiums that such an acknowledged risk could bring.
"Anything's possible, but it would certainly be an enormous, enormous cost," he said.
As big a concern is security on the ground. Vincent said that in his tenure at the FAA, he looked into safeguarding Los Angeles's airport from the threat of shoulder-fired missiles during the 1984 Olympics.
Approaches by the Pacific were relatively easy to guard, but would have required a costly effort by the Navy and Coast Guard. Land routes were far more suspect, because a missile could be fired from a rooftop as far as 10 miles away, he said.
In all, the measures could have meant reducing air traffic by 85 percent to 90 percent, he said. Such a severe measure would have dealt a potentially devastating economic blow, besides the logistical nightmares that would undoubtedly have ensued, he said.
In hindsight, Vincent said, it amounted to "a virtually impossible task."
Difficulties aside, the threat has moved higher on the agenda of Bush administration officials since the Sept. 11 attacks. In the spring, the FBI warned state and local police agencies that Al Qaeda may use shoulder-fired missiles against commercial aircraft in the United States.
More recently, according to news reports, the Transportation Security Administration held a classified meeting with airline officials and other industry executives just weeks ago to discuss the threat of shoulder-fired missiles, a risk most pronounced at a plane's takeoff and landing.
Vincent warned that the danger in the United States remains real but that because missiles are far easier to come by in the Middle East and Africa, aircraft there probably are in more danger.
"If you try often enough, you get lucky every once in a while," Vincent said. "Somebody is probably going to find a combination of things that gets through your defenses." SIDEBAR: DEFEATING INFRARED WEAPONS As their name suggests, heat-seaking missiles find their targets by tracking the hot exhaust produced by the engines of an aircraft in flight. The multiple engines and slow speed of commercial airliners make them inherently harder to defend, but two military methods offer potential protection. PLEASE REFER TO MICROFILM FOR CHART DATA 

GRAPHIC: PHOTO       DIAGRAM, President Daniel arap Moi of Kenya (center) yesterday examined the missile launchers used in a botched attack on a plane. / AFP PHOTO 

LOAD-DATE: December 1, 2002